The Avant-garde Architecture O :: essays research papers

The Chinese-American modeler Ieoh Ming Pei (I.M) is known as probably the best planner of the Twentieth Century. His long, splendid vocation was featured by a few universally acclaimed structures. While a significant number of Pei’s structures were commonly acknowledged by the general population, some of them encouraged decent measures of discussion. The most eminent of these dubious structures is his Glass Pyramid at the passage of the Louver in Paris. Therefore, I.M. Pei is by all accounts a planner who shows enthusiasm for the vanguard through both the imaginative structure and aestheticism of his design. Pei was conceived in China in 1917 and moved to the United States in 1935. He initially went to the University of Pennsylvania yet developed unconfident in his drawing abilities so he dropped out and sought after building at MIT. After Pei chose to come back to design, he earned degrees from both MIT and Harvard. In 1956, after he had educated at Harvard for a long time, he set up I.M. Pei and Partners, a structural firm that has been known as Pei Cobb Freed and Partners since 1989. This firm is renowned for its effective and reasonable answers for an assortment of plan issues. They are answerable for huge numbers of the biggest pubic and private development extends in the second 50% of this century. A portion of these undertakings incorporate the East Building of the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C., the John F. Kennedy Memorial Library in Boston, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland. At the point when French President Francois Mitterand â€Å"personally chose Mr. Pei in 1983 to plan the Grand Louver to give air, space, and light to one of the world’s most clogged museums,† (Markham, 1989) there were numerous pundits. The press â€Å"lambasted breaking the amicability of the Louvre’s yard with a glass iceberg† (Markham, 1989). In any case, Pei continued as arranged, facing a significant challenge in making a glass pyramid structure at the passageway. He didn't concentrate on what the pundits would state about his arrangements, however trusted that the world would see, upon fulfillment, that his vision of a contemporary, utilitarian passage would not conflict with the Baroque style of the Louver itself. At the point when the pyramid was finished in 1989, Pei’s articulation of cutting edge craftsmanship was not so much acknowledged. Numerous pundits applauded the desire with which the draftsman structured it, however derided numerous parts of its usefulness: â€Å"The down to earth issue is that the Pyramid, when you get inside, is uproarious, hot, and disorienting† (Campbell, 1989).

Relationship Between Tectonic Architecture And Materials Cultural Studies Essay

Connection Between Tectonic Architecture And Materials Cultural Studies Essay The accompanying proposition looks to recognize and inspect the connection between structural design and materials. In spite of the fact that materials are surrounding us; we regularly don't set aside the effort to look at them; to genuinely think about their incorporation, thus there very nearness is frequently underestimated. So as to accentuate the significance of materials in engineering; this examination question concentrated on talking about How do materials assume a key structure job in structural design? The proposal utilized two principle procedures. The primary was a writing survey, which incorporates a far reaching audit of the writing that was instrumental in tending to the fundamental points, materials and structural engineering. The second was a model put together investigation which centered with respect to a specific structure. It looks at how an adjustment in materials could influence the structure of a structure; and in this way underscores the key job materials play in structural design. The discoveries of the examination featured the way that materials do in fact assume a key job in the plan of structural structures; and at times they can be the fundamental driver for the underlying structure. Anyway it was additionally settled that there are numerous other contributory elements which likewise influence the general structure. Factors, for example, the structure, the creating of development, advancement, the utilization of front line innovation, the joint effort of the plan group as they work in cooperative energy with the engineer, lastly the approachs of learning by doing or encouraging training through the educating of others. Definitions/Glossary Structural Architecture A non-solid structure, collected utilizing various materials, procedures and assets in the demonstration of development making and revealingâ [1]â . Stereotomic Architecture A self-supporting solid structure created from enunciated strong components. Atectonic A mix of structural and sterotomic building methods. The making of development This isn't only a joint or a development detail; it is the creating together of materials and surface through bespoke methods. Green plan Philosophy that regards ecological properties as structure destinations and not as requirements. Innovative Refers to innovation that is at the front line or the most cutting edge innovation right now accessible. Genuineness The thought that a structure will show its actual reason and not be embellishing Materials The issue from which a thing is or can be madeâ [2]â Constructivist encouraging philosophies Constructivist instructing depends on the conviction that learning happens as students are effectively associated with a procedure of importance and information development as opposed to latently accepting informationâ [3]â . All works of engineering include an imaginative exchange among thoughts and materials to which the two producers and pundits have over and over been happy to allocate moral valueâ [4]â List of chapters 1.0 Introduction Materials are not stylish; they are a need for the acknowledgment of creativityâ [5]â Checking out the fabricated condition, one can see materials are all over the place; yet they are not frequently addressed; when were they created? How are they picked? How are they utilized? For what reason would they say they were assembled with a certain goal in mind? Were the right materials chosen? Notwithstanding these inquiries modelers should likewise address issues around reason and configuration; would materials be able to be the main thrust behind their structures or are they inconsequential, only an aesthetical element of the structure. Endeavoring to dive into and address a portion of these inquiries has prompted the exploration of this theory; to be specific How do materials assume a key structure job in structural engineering? This postulation plans to comprehend structural engineering and the job of materials in the plan of a structure. One has an essential comprehension of what these words mean from the glossary anyway there is a need to investigate where they have originated from and how they have and will influence design. In investigating this thought there is a need to recognize, where structural engineering and materials started, how they have developed after some time, and going ahead what bearing would they say they are going in? The proposition will talk about some of these issues so as to address the exploration question. The paper will inspect the accompanying fundamental parts; Joint/The making of development, the structural advancement of enormous range, twentieth century present day structural designers, 21st century structural natural engineering and a model based examination. Research strategies This postulation is mutually done through two research techniques. The principal comprises of the writing survey, and was under taken to increase a top to bottom comprehension of structural engineering and the multifaceted nature of materials. The second includes a model based research which was led through the investigation of drawings so as to comprehend the impact of a material change on a structural structure. The initial five parts will examine the key job materials play on structural engineering. It will take a gander at both the hypothesis and the reasonable side of this subject; with explanatory drawings to additionally build up this guideline. This investigation will be completed by means of auxiliary research, containing books, diaries, paper articles, electrical diaries, distributed meetings and sites. Research will be completed on the two subjects, beginning with the structure and working of the simple cabin to the advancement of the contemporary structural engineering. Parts six will be an inside and out investigation in to a model based research, where the inquiry will be posed if materials do assume a key job in structural engineering and if there was varieties in materials would the structure plan and space changed. The investigation will intend to show how significant materials are to the structure plan with 3 dimensional drawings. 2.0 Joint/The creating of development Frequently it is the expressiveness of the jointing which acculturates structures and gives them their inviting feel.â [6]â In Greek, the term structural originates from the work tekton, which recommends woodworker or manufacturer. In the fifth century, the significance developed into the job of the tekton. This prompted the rise of the ace manufacturer or architekton. Kenneth Frampton saw that Adolf Heinrich Borbein asserted this significance would in the end change to a tasteful instead of a mechanical class. Frampton noted in his book Studies in Tectonic Culture that Karl Otfied Muller, in his third version of Handbuch der Archaologie der Kunst, that tektones was particular, concerning individuals in development or bureau creators which utilized an explicitly utilitarian or dry joint, however this did exclude dirt and metal working in the significance. This gave the meaning of structural as the joint or the joining through the development procedure. In 1851 Gottfried Semper, distributed his book, The Four Elements of Architecture (Die vier Elemente der Baukunst). He put together a portion of his components with respect to a Caribbean hovel (see figure 1) that he saw at the incredible presentation of 1851 and he isolated the residence into four components, 1 the earthwork, 2 the hearth, 3 the structure (counting the rooftop) and 4 the lightweight skin or membraneâ [7]â . On the base of these four components, Semper classed the structure makes into two essential various methods: the tectonics of the lightweight casing work and the stereotomic of the base. Semper outlined the utilization of the stereotomic base where mud-block and stone were set on the ground, on to which the lightweight confined structure sat. Frampton considered the stereotomic base to be load bearing workmanship, climate stone and mud block. He noticed the significance of the lightweight confined structure, where he considered the to be of the bunch as a central component in empowering the integrating of the lightweight segments. The bunch prompted the making sure about of the casing and was seen by Semper as a complex jointing of development. Around the globe, this method can be obviously observed, where rope is utilized to tie lightweight structures together; featuring how locally accessible materials were used to fabricate cottages. African inborn societies utilized a wide scope of vertical screen dividers where the rope tie was the key development component. The Gogo house in Tanzania was worked from tree limbs where a rope tie was utilized to hold the structure together while mud was worked around the structure. In contrast with this, the Kuba cottage found in the southeast of the Congo was raised utilizing woven mats, again with all joints being hitched along with rope. Semper featured the improvement of bunches into a weaving procedure, which in this way prompted the production of structures texture. Structures, for example, the Bedouin ancestral cabins were amassed utilizing privately sourced materials in a weaving way so as to fabricate solid cottages; as contradict to those which were worked with hitches. Woven dividers were a type of wattle constructionâ [8]â , which was portrayed by Allen Noble as vertical stakes, each fitted into a gap or opening in one even and wipe into a section or another gap in the other individual from the system. Materials, for example, osiers, reeds or flimsy portions of oak were most commonâ [9]â . This style of wattle development is still being used today in the structure of wall; anyway it led to the headway in wattle and smear development, which can be seen in numerous vernacular structures far and wide today. Cherie Wendelken in his article on The Tectonics of Japanese Style: Architect and Carpenter in the Late Meiji Period noticed that Japanese engineering had incredible symbolical structures which were essentially structural, whereby privately sourced material, for example, grasses and bamboo columns were being hitched together. The fifteenth century Japanese house was developed with a woven faã §ade. These houses were worked in a post and shaft encircled way with woven infilling dividers which took into consideration flexibl

How to Maximize the Value of GRC (Governance, Risk and Compliance)

How to Maximize the Value of GRC (Governance, Risk and Compliance) Having goals and objectives is one thing; working towards achieving them is another. It is easy to set forth what you want your business to achieve, to accomplish, or to become in the near or distant future. The hard part is making it happen.To do that, GRC is required. © Shutterstock.com | garagestockIn this article, I explore 1) governance, risk management and compliance,  2) the value of GRC, and  3) how to maximize the value of GRC.GOVERNANCE, RISK MANAGEMENT AND COMPLIANCEIn business management, a relatively new term has cropped up: GRC. GRC stands for Governance, Risk (Management), and Compliance â€" the three concepts that serve as the guideposts assuring the realization of the company or organization’s objectives. Over the years, GRC has evolved into a discipline or approach employed by corporations in their actions within the organization in accordance with the guidelines that have been previously set for each category.Normally, you will find GRC solutions being more popular in the IT industry, which is characterized mainly by ambiguous and often confusing lines of communication as well as knowledge-sharing capabilities. Information traffic is heavy in this industry, and IT companies find GRC to offer the most beneficial and effective so lutions. © Wikimedia Commons | TdeathTo understand GRC better, let us take a look at its three dimensions.GovernanceGovernance is defined as the “combination of processes established and executed by the board of directors that are reflected in the organization’s structure, and how these processes are managed towards achieving the organizational goals”.Being the oversight role, governance refers to the overall management approach undertaken by top management. All the activities performed under this category are designed to ensure that critical and relevant management information are able to reach the management team on a timely basis, and that the information are accurate, sufficient and complete. In turn, this will facilitate the decision-making process. Activities are also carried out in order to come up with control mechanisms that will see to it that the decisions made by top management are carried out.The processes included in this category are:Documentation of process and risksIde ntification and documentation of controls in placeAssessment of the effectiveness of the controlsDisclosure and certification of compliance processesRemediation of issuesRisk ManagementAs the phrase implies, this refers to predicting or anticipating risks that can potentially hinder the organization from achieving its objectives, and managing them accordingly.Risks are constant when it comes to business. The task of businesses is to identify these risks promptly and deal with them. Thus, the management has to identify the risks that may adversely affect the realization of the business objectives of the company. Then they will have to analyze which risks are serious and need immediate attention. They will then have to find ways to respond to or handle these risks.But it does not end there. Risk management also encompasses monitoring the results of the risk mitigation actions that have been implemented.The risk management processes include:Identification and classification of risksAss essment of risksMitigation of risksReporting on the containment of the risksComplianceThis refers to conforming, not only with the organization’s policies and procedures but also to government laws and external regulations. It entails identifying those that have to be complied with and assessing the state of compliance of the company. A cost-benefit analysis is also called for when evaluating the possible impact of non-compliance with the rules.Compliance processes normally involve:Documentation of processes and risks of compliance and non-complianceIdentification, definition and documentation of compliance controls in placeAssessment of the effectiveness of the controlsDisclosure and certification of compliance processesRemediation of compliance issuesTHE VALUE OF GRCBusinesses often manage the governance, risk management, and compliance separately. The integrated GRC approach combines all three to streamline their governance, risk management, and compliance initiatives. This is more effective and efficient, since it reduces or even eliminates duplication and redundancy of work. It saves time, effort and money â€" resources that all businesses will do well to use wisely.A possible scenario that may arise from independently handling the three is having multiple systems that will essentially address the same issues. After all, there are issues that cross-cuts across two, or all three, categories. With the GRC approach, it is possible to come up with a single system that will address all the issues. This will certainly avoid confusion among members of the organization, since they have a single point of reference, instead of having to turn this way and that.Thus, it is important that organizations be able to manage and track its GRC processes and activities in a streamlined and coordinated manner in order to ensure corporate integrity, sustainability, and profitability.HOW TO MAXIMIZE THE VALUE OF GRCGRC will do wonders for your business. But only if it is done right. It is not enough that you have GRC programs in place. You have to make sure you maximize the value that you will derive from GRC. Let us take a look at how we can get the most out of our GRC programs.Step 1: Design GRC programs to be flexibleKeep in mind that GRC is not a one-time thing. It must continually reassess how the company can effectively and efficiently meet its strategic objectives.Step 2: Simplify your GRC processesIf you are to establish a risk and control governance model as one of your GRC processes, make sure that the model is comprehensive and encompasses the entire organization or enterprise, not just key divisions or operating centers. This will ensure the balance of the corporate risk strategy that will be employed by the business, and will also clearly define and delineate the responsibilities of key personnel and employees.Within an organization, there are a lot of functions, most of which are markedly different from each other. It is now up to the orga nization to align those functions â€" even the highly differentiated ones â€" in order to make their GRC programs succeed.Establishment of an enterprise-wide risk and control governance modelWhy is it important to have a risk governance model? That is because:It ensures a balanced corporate risk strategy;It defines the responsibilities for risk oversight and ownership;It enhances risk monitoring and sets the risk culture tone throughout the organization.Take note that the model must be enterprise-wide, and not just limited to specific divisions or departments.Using risk building blocks that are focused on risk strategy, identification, assessment, and governanceA risk and control governance model will not be effective if it does not have the basic risk building blocks, which include the following:A comprehensive and formal risk strategy that addresses risk appetite and vision: Decision making will be enabled if you have a comprehensive risk strategy in place, since the business now has an established response to the risks that it is exposed to. Being risk averse is good, but only to a certain extent. Too much aversion to risk puts the management in danger of playing it safe and generally avoiding risky ventures, even if the potential for returns is just as high, or even higher, than the risk.A formal risk identification process: The first step to managing risk is being able to identify them. Therefore, there is a need for the business to have a process in place that will identify these risks. Keep in mind that risks are constant, so risk management is also a continuous job. But it is not enough that the process be able to identify the risks. It should also be able to assess the impact of the risks to the organization and come up with a risk response when the risk event occurs. The process should also be able to facilitate communicating the stance or position of the organization to all stakeholders.Risk assessments: After identifying risks, it is important to c onduct assessments to see how the risks figure in the key strategies and overall business strategy of the company. The risks are also going to impact performance so this, too, should also be assessed. Results of risk assessment will give management a clearer picture of the organization’s strengths and weaknesses, as well as the threats and opportunities that it will likely be exposed to.Risk governance: Risk management is not a divisional undertaking; it is enterprise-wide. Therefore, the risk strategy that the company decides to take must be balanced across all levels and divisions of the organization. The most important factor for the success of risk governance is to ensure that a risk culture is firmly established within the organization, and not just the executive or top management level.Convergence of GRC functions and processes A poorly designed GRC program will likely encounter problems with processes and activities being repetitive, or with systems being duplicated within the same organization. This is definitely inefficient, since the company will end up spending two, three or more times the amount when it could only spend on one. Manpower, money and other resources will be spread thinly, or the company will end up using more of these resources.For example, the organization can conduct a GRC process in the internal audit, and another GRC process in legal compliance. The company will be spending twice since there are two processes. However, it turns out that the two processes are the same. Think of the savings if they simply conducted one process that will encompass both functions.Risk and compliance convergence entails the following:Aligning the company’s mandates and scope;Coordinating infrastructure and people, paying special attention to your people’s skill sets and the resources on hand; andPutting emphasis on consistent methods and practices employed by the business.When we speak of convergence of GRC functions and activities, we are essent ially talking about consolidation and standardization of these functions and activities across the organization. The benefits of doing so include:Reduction of costs: Cost savings arise from the reduction of spending on personnel, time and other resources. Reduced redundancy, duplication and repetition of processes will result in savings.Improved risk coverage and enhancement of integration: Since the resources are not spread too thinly, and there is balance in the distribution of functions, risk is better monitored. Monitoring will be on an organizational level instead of department and process level. Improvement of business processes will also be greatly assured since the organization will be able to keep its eyes on the risk exposures and act accordingly in the face of risk events.Maximization of value of risk management activities: Improvement of business processes will be greatly assured since the organization will be able to keep its eyes on the risk exposures and act according ly in the face of risk events.Step 3: Use an integrated risk management approachThe first step to an integrated risk management approach is the identification and understanding of the different risks that the business is subjected to. For this purpose, we will make use of the Robert Kaplan and Anette Mikes risk framework.1. Preventable risks are operational and financial risks that arise from within the company. It does not generate strategic benefits and actually cost money when an event occurs, which is why the organization takes steps to eliminate, avoid or mitigate them. If these do not work, find a way to transfer these risks in a most cost-effective manner, reducing the monetary loss to the company. Aside from costing money, these risks also have a negative impact on the company’s reputation within the industry it operates in.Examples:Inaccurate financial statementsNoncompliance with laws and regulations, resulting in fines and penaltiesPotential responses:Creation of a good mission statementDrawing up rules and setting up systems for standard operating procedures that will be followed by all members of the organizationEstablishing internal controls and internal audit mechanisms2. Strategic risks are risks that arise from management’s business gambles. Going into business is already a gamble in itself and, as all gambles go, it comes with a risk. There is a principle followed by aggressive entrepreneurs: “high risk, high return”. If you want to get more, you have to put more on the line. This does not mean, however, that businesses should take risks blindly. The risks should be strategic. If the organization would like to earn high returns, it must be prepared to take high risks. But the business will have to take steps in order to lessen or avoid the negative impact of the risks it has chosen to face head on. The goal of the management, then, is to strike a balance between risk mitigation and value creation.Examples:Acquiring smaller companies f or purposes of expansionExpansion into emerging or new marketsPotential responses:Brainstorming within the management team to discuss the risks involved and potential growth of business decisionsEstablishing risk tolerancesConducting predictive discussions, going over all possible scenariosMonitoring risk indicators by using key risk indicator scorecards3. External risks are risks that arise outside the organization. Being external in nature, the company has no control over them. Since this is the case, all the organization can do is to take steps that will reduce the negative effects of the risk events in case they take place, and to ensure that the company will be able to “bounce back” quickly.Examples:Force majeure and other natural and man-made disastersEconomic upheavalsPotential responses:Limiting exposure of the business to the risk eventsConducting scenario analysis and assessing the ability of the organization to tolerate and respond, should the risk event occurStep 4: Consider using GRC technologyMost GRC processes are heavy on data, information and detail, hence the need for automation. Technology has now become one of the tools that businesses turn to in order to ensure that processes and operations are executed effectively and efficiently.Through GRC technology, the business will have greater opportunities for optimization and standardization. Automation of processes and centralization of information in the organization are integral characteristics of using GRC technology.The most common GRC technology activities are:Standardization and automation of controls and processes;Maintenance of only one version of risk and control date;Real-time and dynamic risk and control intelligence and reporting;Management of holistic views of risk and compliance exposures;Analysis of risk-driven indicators.Again, when done right, GRC technology will help the company in achieving its objectives. Businesses are advised to consider taking the following steps in or der to bolster their GRC technology.Comprehensive GRC road map: A GRC road map, especially one that spans multiple years, is best presented in a road map that displays all the program elements, as well as the key milestones and integration points throughout the period.Executive sponsorships: The executive sponsorships must span both business and information technology in order for it to qualify as a GRC technology, and they should show that the technology is aligned with the GRC program as a whole.Business case: When preparing a business case, it must be comprehensive and clearly indicate a return on investment which is aided by the use of the GRC technology employed in your organization’s GRC program.GRC is not something that a business can learn overnight and implement without any hitches and glitches. Even the more established companies take a while to get the hang of it. However, once it is fully understood and properly implemented, there is no stopping the business from achie ving its goals. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons | Tdeath under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.