Attachment Theory Is Defined As The Emotional And...

Attachment Theory is defined as the emotional and psychological bond between a child and their caregiver, which starts from birth and is believed to last a lifetime. (Arxcis, 2017). The first published works of attachment theory were done by John Bowlby, a child psychiatrist, in 1969, with Mary Ainsworth, a Canadian psychologist, later collaborating with Bowlby to include different attachment types. Bowlby’s theory, which was influenced from Konrad Lorenz’s idea of familial imprinting, stated that attachment bonds would begin to form up until nine months of age in an infant. From nine months, up until two to three years of age, attachment types would be observable (Arxcis, 2017). In the 1950’s, Ainsworth set out on an in-depth study to†¦show more content†¦Whether they are sick, tired, hungry, or upset, caregivers of children with secure attachment most times consistently engage the child when cued, and provide predictable, supportive emotional and physi cal reactions that the child has learned to rely on. Conversely, in avoidant attachment caregivers have demonstrated that they cannot be relied on to provide emotional support in response to the child’s needs. The caregivers have either reacted to the child’s distress in a cold manner or ignored them completely. Children who are insecurely ambivalent attached often have caregivers that are inconsistent in their response to the child’s distress. The child exhibits escalating behavior such as cries turning into shrieks and screaming. They appear to want contact with the caregiver through cues, but will resist contact when attempted by the caregiver. Disorganized attachment is a result of a caregiver who is inappropriate in their response to their child, responding sexually, physically or verbally abusive. The children may present with odd behavior and act out. (Arxcis, 2017). 10-year-old Raymond Giovanni is the youngest of three children. He lives in a two-parent household with his mother, a stay-at-home parent, and his father, a detective. Ray presents as having a disorganized attachment type with both of his parents. Raymond’s mother often excludes him from activities that his siblings partake in. He knows not to interrupt herShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Bartholomew Quot ; An Adult Attachment Model1378 Words   |  6 Pages Bartholomew Horowitz (1991) developed an adult attachment model conceptualized through the understanding that a person’s image of the self and the other is dichotomized as positive or negative. Through this framework they developed four dimensions, that range from a combination of understanding the self as worthy of love or not and seeing other people as trustworthy or unreliable. This paper will focus on one dimension, dismissive attachment, and how the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings associatedRead MoreHow Does Attachment Influence The Social And Emotional Development Of The Child? Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesHow does attachment influence the social and emotional development of the child? A child’s social and emotional development has significant implications for the social functioning of a child throughout their lives, in their education, friendships and employment. A child with poor or social and emotional development are at risk of experiencing poor relati onships with peers, academic problems and can lead them into involvement in unsociable activities or crime. Research suggests the key to socialRead MoreAttachment And Its Effects On Children s Life1025 Words   |  5 PagesAttachment starts to develop since the women’s pregnancy, during this stage of human development the female starts to cultivate emotional attachment to the fetus. The method in which attachment is formed during gestation will eventually affect or enhance the child stance during pregnancy or even after birth. Attachment can be defined as the manner in which an infant creates an emotional connection between specific members. Attachment can be clearly detected, especially with the persons who are closerRead MoreThe Social And Emotional Development Essay1108 Words   |  5 PagesAttachment relationship is important for both child and parents/caregiver to develop because of social and emotional need. A child’s emotional and social development has signif icant impact for the social function of a child throughout their lives, education, friendships and employment. Research show that a child with no social and emotional development are at very high risk of having poor relationships with peers, academic problems and can lead them into poor decision in life and crime. Many researchesRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology : Laser Student Number : Ruby Kiddi1624 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 2014 Attachment Theory 1. Define attachment, including reference to key theorists/researchers in this field and the contributions they have made. Attachment style theory describes the type of attachment an infant has with its mother or other main care giver which is generally first observed in a child around 5 to 7 months of age and may continue to shape them and their relationships for the rest of their lives (Smith, Cowie Blades, 2011; Downey Feldman, 1996). Attachment is an affectionateRead MoreAttachment Theory on Socio-Emtionals Development of Children1435 Words   |  6 PagesAttachment Theory: One of the most studied topics in today’s psychology is the attachment theory whose common references are from attachment models by Bowlby and Ainsworth. Since its introduction, the concept has developed to become one of the most significant theoretical schemes for understanding the socio-emotional development of children at an early stage. In addition, the theory is also developing into one of the most prominent models that guide parent-child relationships. Some of the keyRead MoreAnalysis Of Wuthering Heights And The Poisonwood Bible1468 Words   |  6 Pagesthe past few decades; however, children are still suffering in today’s society. The consequences of abuse and neglect affect a wide range of categories from health and physical development; to intellectual and cognitive development; to emotional and psychological development; and social and behavioral development. In many instances, more than one type of abuse or neglect is involved, resulting in developmenta l delays in multiple categories. One development area always affected is behavior, as theRead MorePsychosocial And Cognitive Learning Theories1354 Words   |  6 Pagesand Cognitive learning are just a few of the theories that describe the makeup of human development and behavior. Psychosocial theories explore the relationship between the social environment and an individual’s psychological condition (Crawford and Hawford, 2011). Whilst Cognitive Learning Theory explains certain behavioral responses of people based on their understanding and mental representation of what is happening at the present time. 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Understanding Contemporary Moral Issues from a Catholic Free Essays

Understanding Contemporary Moral Issues from a Catholic Perspective Withdrawal of life-sustaining medical treatment’. â€Å"And the dust goes back to the earth as it was, and the spirit goes back to God who gave It†. (Ecclesiastic 12:7). We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Contemporary Moral Issues from a Catholic or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order for me to comprehend and discuss the moral Issue of withdrawal of life- sustaining medical treatment from a Catholic perspective, I needed to have an understanding of what Bioethics refers to. It is a shared reflective analysis and discussion of ethical issues in health care, health science, and health policies. It engages dialogue and thought from our society comprising of doctors, patients, scientists, politicians and the general public (What Is Bioethics? 2014). Using Bioethics as a framework to discuss withdrawal of life, It helps us to realism the position the catholic church has adopted In Its views and beliefs.. The catholic church wishes to trigger a deeper thinking regarding moral issues and offers practical help in moral decision making by encouraging us to think about the role of the Church in society from two distinct roles; that of Doctrinal and of Pastoral (Rev Dry. Joe Parkinson, personal communication, July 18, 2014). One of my duties as a teacher facilitating in a Catholic Education School Is not only to Identify what the Catholic Church doctrine upholds, but also to counsel and support those In need. The Catholic doctrinal view Is that there needs to be a prohibition on euthanasia, because society may create a sub-class if we approve assisted death and what the Church offers is a development when bringing about a change of society’s mindset in which you offer palliative care and managed pain relief instead of looking at euthanasia as the only option (Dry. Joe Parkinson). The Church acknowledges that this Is a challenge In an aging society, but e need to promote an environment that upholds the dignity of the sick, vulnerable and the aged. From a pastoral approach, the Catholic perspective Is that decision making regarding values and morals is based on a process of identifying the options and choosing what is most important to us. The Catholic Church advocates discussion and examination of what is driving the decisions and what are the other values and factors at play. Saying this, the Catholic Church also realizes that the choices are often not perfect and one very Important point Is to emphasis that the Church will never abandon someone based on differences of viewpoint and acknowledges that individuals may have come to a decision, knowing that is the best that they can do, having balanced the ethical and moral decisions in their conscience. The Catholic Church appreciates that as human beings we are not remote controlled Catholics. However, the Church also recognizes it has to take a position regarding morality, a standpoint that asks us to recognize that we are responsible for our decisions and that they Impact the bigger picture In regards to Catholic Church teaches us to value life, promote and to protect life (Pontifical Council for Health Care Workers, 1995). The Church also promotes prayer and counsel to sits individuals in the decision making process and urges individuals to examine whether they feel the outcomes are acceptable before God. Saying this, the Church also understands that we need to be true to ourselves. Whilst our ethics, our reasoned choices, may often be intuitive, they allow us to make choices that make us accountable as individuals. These ethical choices expresses our values and our actions as well as our intentions, it essentially defines our values. In the issue of withdrawing life-support, it is quite possible to go about getting the right thing, but going about it in the wrong way. Morals and ethics challenge the thought that if it does not break the law; than it is acceptable. However, some lawful acts are not morally right. From a Catholic teaching perspective the primary objective and value is â€Å"To preserve the dignity of the person† and this remains its fundamental value. Unfortunately, it is often forgotten. The Catholic Church advocates that life is a gift and acknowledges that we are part of all creation and therefore, we are the stewards of the world, not the domination. The symbolism of the crucifix is a reminder to Christians that we understand and trust in Jesus, that there is eternal life and that e need to live through our mortal life. This viewpoint is that life is a gift and on that basis alone we have a responsibility to protect the weak, vulnerable, the young and the old. This is one of fundamentals of Christianity. Yet as human beings we experience illness, suffering and death and sometimes euthanasia may seem like the best choice. However, when we treat other human beings as expendable; we diminish our own humanity (Dry Joe Parkinson). The Catholic Church suggests that when we make moral decisions, we make these using a formula; a format for our moral decision-making, one in which we examine what the facts are and what is ally going on. A set up that asks the individual whether their core values are being respected, upheld and what the guiding ethical principles involved are. The rhetorical triangle (Image 1) is helpful to visualize how it is used by the Catholic Church for teaching and passing on the values of the Church. (Image 1 . The Rhetorical Triangle, reproduced from Google images). This type of plan will question who should be involved in the decision making and whether the decisions will and should be reviewed? This framework would also take into account what legal definitions need to be considered in terms of unwanted reattempt versus the decision of suicide, it will identify what the core values involving the patient are, who are the other relevant people involved and also the duty of care that affects the hospital staff, whilst still protecting the individual’s autonomy (Euthanasia law is no cure-all for Dutch doctors, 2009). What is interesting to note, is that the Catholic perspective is that life should not be preserved at all costs if it does not take into account the dignity of the individual and their decision on whether they wish to take part with treatment and whether they have been given the opportunity o think and discuss if the means of treatment is morally disproportionate, does not offer any reasonable therapeutic benefit, is overly burdensome or, in some given us intelligence to think things through, yet the Church will never advocate the taking of a human life (Dry Joe Parkinson). On the other hand, the law takes the view that duty of care is higher than the individual’s autonomy. These laws impact on careers and hospital staff alike, as in the case of Christian Roister, a 49 year old man who was left quadriplegic after being hit by a car. A Western Australian landmark court decision ruled in favor of Mr.. Roister, stating that a patient had the right to refuse treatment and to choose not to receive nutrition and hydration and any person or care group providing palliative care would not be criminally responsible (Physician-assisted suicide the same as euthanasia? 014). To safeguard the autonomy of the person, the Catholic Church endorses the use of Advanced Care Plans and appointment of an Enduring Guardian to ensure that the patient is treated and cared for respectfully and with dignity. In Christina Tone’s report entitled ‘Assisted Suicide. How the chattering classes have got it wrong, 2010 ‘she writes about Debbie Purdue, who suffe red from Multiple Sclerosis. Debby Purdue won the right to have the prosecution guidelines affecting those who assist suicide clarified and in 2010, the United Kingdom published guidelines that in no way pave the way for assisted suicide; but call for each case to be Judged on its own merits. These guidelines are imperative in protecting those working with the sick, disabled, aged or terminally ill and for those worried that if assisted suicide were to be introduced on compassionate grounds, it would lead to death on request or euthanasia without consent. Finally, as a teacher in a Catholic Education system. How to cite Understanding Contemporary Moral Issues from a Catholic, Papers

Creating a Safe Place that Accommodates Cultural Diversity

Question: Discuss about theCreating a Safe Place that Accommodates Cultural Diversity. Answer: Introduction Culture is human behaviour including customs, beliefs, and preferences. These factors vary among people depending on their origin. This report appreciates cultural differences seeks to explore on how to create safe spaces. Background Distinction in cultures raises a problem of interaction. To resolve this issue, safe spaces need to be created. Safe spaces ensure that people can communicate freely without being judged. They provide a feeling of social safety where ones culture is nurtured and respected (Arnold, Lipman, Cowling, 1994). Scope This report focuses on how people can learn to accommodate different cultures by respecting and nurturing. It seeks to explain how to create safe places that facilitate interaction among people. It focuses on a video clip by Diversity Nursing on incompetent versus competent cultural care. The video clip is set in a hospital where nurses provide unsafe and safe space for patients. Aim This reports objective is to illustrate inhibition of social safety and recommend on how to create safe spaces. In the video clip studied, the nurses are judgmental and do not provide a safe space for explanation. Their fail to appreciate different customs and beliefs. They should be open-minded and allow patients to explain their situations before making conclusions. Summary of the Media Clip Incompetent versus competent cultural are is a video clip created by Diversity Nursing on November 8th, 2011. It was created in a hospital setting to show how nurse how to accommodate patients of different ethnicities and preferences. Nurse Rida has an Asian patient who believes that coining and cupping can help reduce body pains. Rida wants to examine her patient and finds out she has circular marks on her skin that might be affected. Rida does not allow her patient to explain the situation and immediately concludes that her patient is in an abusive home (Brislin, Worthley and McNab 2006). She decides to report the matter and informs her patient that it would be best to leave her home. The following scene shows how Rita should handle the situation. Rita understands techniques used to relieve pain by different cultures, allows her patient to explain, examines the marks and sensitively explains that they are infected. Summary of Literature To understand how to create a safe space that accommodates the variety of cultures available, one has to know the following keywords. Safe space- is explained as an environment that allows free expression without worry of being discriminated or feeling uncomfortable. A safe space accommodates differences in beliefs, customs, values, identity, thoughts, background or religion. It respects cultural safety by nurturing and respecting a persons culture. Cultural safety- is the practice by a person at work and social places that aim to appreciate cultural diversity. This is by respecting anothers culture and helping nurture it without harassment and discrimination. Cultural self-awareness- this is the ability of a person to identify different cultures, be able to keep an open mind about various practices and appreciate them. It helps build a foundation in communicating without offending peoples beliefs and perceptions (Byram, 2012). Cultural capability- this refers to the ability to acquire knowledge, skills and mannerisms required to plan, offer support and provide services in a way that respects culture. It determines how one can work in various cultures and be able to accommodate different perceptions (Crowne, 2013). Cultural intelligence- this is the ability of a person to work and relate effectively with individuals in various cultures. To attain cultural information, one has to possess a variety of capabilities. According to Crowne (2013), they include; motivation to enjoy and gain from cultural diversity, knowledge about all similar and different aspects of various culture, appreciation of these differences and planning for diversity encounters, and ability to adapt behaviour that bests suits each culture. To create an environment that promotes free expression and eliminates discrimination, one has to achieve cultural intelligence. The steps to accomplishing such capacity start from being aware of the existence of various beliefs, customs, values, and perceptions (Bruhn, 2005) . Such awareness can be acquired by familiarising oneself with the different cultures that exist in different regions all over the world. In so doing, a person knows about similarities in cultures and also identifies what makes them distinct (Crowne, 2013). The second step will then involve being able to stand on one's customs and beliefs and understanding different perspectives in their original point of view. Instead of judging certain practices, a person should try to appreciate why people conduct these practices. One has to be open-minded to do so (Crowne, 2013). Once a person acquires knowledge of different practices and understands why they are conducted, the next step is trying to incorporate these beliefs into ones way of life. This does not necessitate one to abandon their culture but rather, learn various behaviours that are appreciated (Peterson, 2004). In so doing one acquire skills that enable them to deal with different encounters and promote cultural safety. Observation of the Video According to the video by Diversity Nursing, Rida is a nurse that lacks awareness of different practices used in relieving pain. She mistakes the practice of coining, cupping and acupuncture by Asians as a case of abuse. Also, when her patient tries to explain, Rida doesnt give her time and rushes out the door insisting that she was going to report the incident. Rida's behaviour depicts the lack of cultural awareness as she is not conversant with the Asian practice of pain relief. Moreover, she lacks the intelligence necessary to handle the situation and draws conclusions without ask for an explanation. This is an unsafe space for the patient. The environment excludes the patient, and Rida's behaviour involves shouting and rushing out the door ("Incompetent vs. Competent Cultural Care", 2016). However, in the subsequent scene, Rida is aware of her patients practices. She understands how the pain relief method works. Rida is calm and allows her patient to explain the circumstances that led to the need for such an approach. Rida handles the situation intelligently and explains to her patient that though the pain relief process was necessary at the time, it lead to the patient being infected. In the second scene, Rida is keen to provide a safe environment that allows her patient to explain her condition. Rida does her best in ensuring the environment is inclusive. She does so by showing her understanding of the acupuncture method of pain relief ("Incompetent vs. Competent Cultural Care", 2016). TABLE 1: cultural safety issues observed in the video clip. Time frame in seconds Physical factors Communication factors Signs of inclusion and exclusion Display or lack of cultural intelligence. 0:17s- 0:55s A hospital ward with the patient on her bed and the nurse standing by her bedside. The nurse is loud when she speaks and does not read the patients body language Exclusive; the nurse lacks awareness of the pain relief method. The nurse requires cultural intelligence. Rida doesnt listen to the explanation and rushes to make conclusions 1:52s-2:42s A hospital ward with the patient on her bed and the nurse standing by the bedside examining her patient. The nurse speaks calmly, takes her time to read her patients body language. Inclusive; the nurse is aware of the acupuncture pain relief method. Displays cultural intelligence. The nurse explains to the patient about her infection without offending her customs. Discussion At the beginning of the video clip, Nurse Rida depicts the lack of any knowledge of the various practices that help in pain relief. This lack of awareness is evident as soon as she notices the circular marks on her patients back, she concludes that the patient is a victim of violence. Besides, Rida lacks cultural intelligence because instead of allowing her patient to explain how she got the marks, Rida is quick to show how uncomfortable she is with the situation. She rushes out the door and insists on making a report of domestic violence. Later on the video clip, a different scenario is shown. Here, Rida is aware of the acupuncture pain relief method. She notices the marks and acknowledges it. She shows understanding and makes her patient comfortable who explains how she got the marks. Rather than rushing out the door, Rida examines her patient's scores and realises they are infected (Quappe and Cantatore, 2005) . She is culturally intelligent as she carefully to her patient about the infected wounds in a culture respecting manner. Recommendations According to the studied video clip, Rida needs to acquire information on practices with a medical orientation. That way she will be aware of the marks they leave behind and will not be caught off guard again (Tierney, 2007). Besides, Rida should learn to appreciate various practices as it will help her understand the medical perspective of her patients. She should also embrace these customs and will, therefore, be able to act accordingly towards her patient. Besides acquiring knowledge, she should aim at achieving cultural intelligence. She will gain better communication skills on how to pass information without offending ones beliefs. She will appreciate diversity and learn to incorporate some of these differences in her way of life (Tierney, 2007). This way she can create a safer space environment for her patients to explain themselves without feeling uncomfortable. Conclusion This report focuses on social safety and how to create a safe space that accommodates cultural diversity and appreciates different personal identities. It explains the various concepts that should be understood to understand the necessity of creating safe spaces. It reviews a video clip by Diversity Nursing that shows safe and unsafe areas. The video clip demonstrates this two scenarios by showing one with a dangerous environment and another the recommends the changes that should be made. The report describes steps to be taken so as to ensure a safe space and towards accomplishing social intelligence. References Arieli, D., Friedman, V., Hirschfeld, M. (2012). Challenges on the path to cultural safety inNursing education. International Nursing Review, 59(2), 187-193. Arnold, M., Lipman, S., Cowling, M. (1994). Culture and anarchy. New Haven: YaleUniversity Press. Brislin, Worthley and McNab (2006) cultural intelligence Bruhn (2005) culture brain interactions Byram, M. (2012). Language awareness and (critical) cultural awareness relationships,comparisons and contrasts. Language Awareness, 21(1-2), 5-13. Crowne, K. (2013). Cultural exposure, emotional intelligence, and cultural intelligence: Anexploratory study. International Journal Of Cross-Cultural Management, 13(1), 5-22.Cultural diversity awareness. Flanja (2009) culture shock intercultural communication Glapka, E. (2015). On a stepping-stone to cultural intelligence: Textual/discursive analyses of media reception in cultural studies. International Journal Of Cultural Studies. Gollings, J. (2011). Cultural awareness. BDJ, 210(11), 501-502 Hall, L. Wilkes, M. (2015). Its a safe environment for us Indigenous students Creating aculturally safe learning space for Indigenous Pre-Tertiary students. Learning Communities: International Journal Of learning in social contexts, 17 (indigenous pathways), 121-122. Holley and Steiner (2005) creating safe spaces Incompetent vs. Competent Cultural Care. (2016). YouTube. Retrieved 15 October 2016 Peterson, B. (2004). Cultural intelligence. Yarmouth, Me.: Intercultural Press. Quappe and Cantatore (2005) cultural awareness Spector, R. (2004). Cultural diversity in health illness. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: PearsonPrentice Hall. Tierney, S. (2007). Accommodating cultural diversity. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Journal of Ethnic Cultural Diversity in Social Work Call for Papers. (2015). Journal Of Ethnic And Cultural Diversity In Social Work, 24(2), 184-185.

The Concept of Autobiographical Memory

Article Summary Considering that relationships form the core of human needs, it is obvious that interpersonal relationships influence people’s psychological functioning, mental health, and wellbeing. For example, individuals experiencing attachment security are known to possess high levels of self-esteem and excellent adaptive or coping strategies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Autobiographical Memory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, individuals experiencing attachment anxiety and/or avoidance have been found to suffer from psychopathology and emotional distress (Sutin Gillath, 2009, p. 351). Therefore, many studies demonstrate the relationship between various attachment styles and the subsequent psychological distress particularly depression. However, to demonstrate this link, many researchers have had to rely on the way people predetermine, store, recover, and use dif ferent memories in their interpersonal relationships. Accordingly, Sutin and Gillath (2009) deviated from the previous studies by proposing that some measurable aspects of the autobiographical memory determine the relationship between attachment styles and psychological distress. The proposed components of the autobiographical memory measured by these researchers include the phenomenological experience and the emotional content of the memory. In their study, Sutin and Gillath (2009) tested the two components of the autobiographical memory in two separate studies. In the first study, 454 participants took part in a two-session survey whereby in the first session, the participants’ experiences were evaluated relative to different measures such as self-defining relationship memories, phenomenology, adult attachment, and depressive symptoms while in the second session, the participants were asked to retrieve and rate their self-defining relationship memory experiences regarding r omantic interactions. In the second study, 534 participants were introduced to one of the three priming conditions; attachment security (195 participants), attachment insecurity (157 participants), and the control condition (182 participants). After priming, the participants retrieved and rated their experiences regarding a self-defining memory (Sutin Gillath, 2009, pp. 353-358).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The research findings show that memory phenomenology (memory coherence and emotional intensity) determined the relationship between attachment avoidance and depression while the negative affective content of the autobiographical memory determined the link between attachment anxiety and depression (Sutin Gillath, 2009, p. 355). On the other hand, priming the participants with attachment security made them to show more coherent relationship memories while attachment insecurity made the participants to show more incoherent relationship memories. Analysis The concept of autobiographical memory has been shown to mediate the association between different attachment styles and psychological distress. In fact, different aspects of autobiographical memory seem to be the product of a reconstructive process that underlies an individual’s emotional and motivational functioning. Here, various aspects of autobiographical memory play a major role in constructing and maintaining an individual’s self identity and promoting the development of intimacy. However, these memories are not always related to positive human functions. In some cases, the retrieval style for the autobiographical memories is susceptible to various depressive symptoms in that various intrusive memories can promote psychological distress particularly the post-traumatic stress disorder (Sutin Gillath, 2009, p. 352). As a result, autobiographical memories can determine the path to depre ssion vulnerability and psychological distress. According to Sutin and Gillath (2009), two major aspects of autobiographical memory, that is, phenomenology and content, demonstrated a consistent relationship with psychological distress. Therefore, there is evidence to suggest that the two aspects mediate attachment avoidance and anxiety. For instance, memory coherence and emotional intensity, which are related to phenomenology, play an important role in terms of mediating distress for avoidance as opposed to anxiety. On the other hand, memory incoherence is closely associated with attachment avoidance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Autobiographical Memory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As opposed to avoidance, attachment anxiety is closely related to the memory’s emotional content. Overall, this study provides provocative evidence to suggest that there is a link between attachment style s and autobiographical memory, which in turn mediates psychological distress. Reference Sutin, A.R., Gillath, O. (2009). Autobiographical memory phenomenology and content mediate attachment style and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(3), 351-364. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/search/display?id=eaa94d4d-6224-7b53-e55b-513824ce224crecordId=1tab=PApage=1display=25sort=PublicationYearMSSort%20desc,AuthorSort%20ascsr=1 This essay on The Concept of Autobiographical Memory was written and submitted by user Madison C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Caligula Essays - Julio-Claudian Dynasty, Caligula, Tiberius

Caligula Essays - Julio-Claudian Dynasty, Caligula, Tiberius Caligula As most of the emperors of ancient Rome were given different names then the names they had at birth Caligula was no different. Caligula's real name was Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus and he was born at Antium, 25 miles from Rome, in 12 AD Gaius was a turning point in the history of the Principate, but he also was the one emperor from the Julio-Claudian dynasty who was very poorly documented. ( Bibliography # 2). Gaius was born on August 31, 12 AD to Germanicus; Augustus' adopted grandson, and Agrippina Senior, Augustus' granddaughter. Gaius was the third of six children, the youngest son, and accompanied his parents on many military campaigns. As a baby his parents would dress him up in a miniature soldier costume and show him to the armies on their campaigns. Gaius received his nickname Caligula from the half boots or sandals that went with the costume called caligilas. The armies affectionately called him little boots or Caligula. ( Bibliography # 1,6). When Gaius as youth he developed an unhealthy relationship with his sisters Agrippina Jr, Drusilla and Julia Livilla. Gaius's two brothers and his mother were killed after they were accused of plotting against Tiberius. Gaius's father, Germanicus, died under what is recorded as suspicious circumstances on October 10, 19 AD After which, while Tiberius reigned, he was sent to live first with his great grandmother, Livia and then, when Livia died, with his grandmother, Antonia. ( Bibliography # 2,4-6). In 31 AD Gaius was summoned to join Tiberius at his villa on Capri. Gaius stayed there with Tiberius until he became emperor, in 37 AD, after Tiberius' death. ( Bibliography # 2,5). Before Gaius became emperor the only political related job Gaius held was an honorary quaestorship in 33 AD. After Tiberius' death on March 6, 37 AD Gaius was in the perfect position to assume the emperor's throne, despite Tiberius' will that named his Gaius and his cousin Tiberius Gemellus joint heirs. Because of this slight obstacle in his way he had Gemellus killed within a matter of months. After the death of Gemellus, Gaius had Tiberius's will declared null and void. Gaius said that the will was void because of insanity. ( Bibliography # 2,4). Although Gaius started his political career on the right track he went down, and down fast. Within four years the very guards that were assigned to protect him murdered him. Ancient sources agree that insanity was the cause of Gaius' downfall. The best reason that researches came up with for Gaius' madness was that he, being a young man, was thrown into the job and he saw through the disguise that Augustus had set up and acted accordingly. Because of this, and his troubled upbringing, and the complete lack of tact led to his wild behavior that his contemporaries as way too extreme and even insane. ( Bibliography # 1-3). During Gaius' reign he had Mauretania annexed and reorganized into two provinces, Herod Agrippa appointed to a kingdom in Palestine and many severe riots between Jews and Greeks took place. He Gauls dress up as Germans at his triumph and had his Roman troops collect seashells as spoils for the sea. ( Bibliography # 2). After uncovering a nascent conspiracy under Cn. Lentulus Gaetulicus, Gaius had his brother-in-law M. Aemilius Lepodus and Cn. Lentulus executed and his two surviving sisters, who were a part of the conspiracy exiled. Gaius had great enthusiasm for divine honors for himself and his favorite sister, Drusilla. After her sudden death in 38 AD he had her deified. He even tried to have a statue of himself erected in the Temple at Jerusalem, But through delaying techniques of P. Petronius and the intervention of Herod Agrippa prevented riots and uprisings in Palestine. ( Bibliography # 1-3). The conspiracy that ended Gaius's life was hatched between the officers of the Praetorian Guard, apparently for personal reasons. Even though the guards thought it up it appeared to have the support of some senators and an imperial freedman. ( Bibliography # 2). Just as other conspiracies there were suspicions that the plot was broader than sources had said in the beginning. The conspiracy might have even had the support of the next emperor Claudius, but there isn't evidence that proves these theories. ( Bibliography # 2). On

Technology Development and Market Globalization Essay

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