Health Promotion: Post Natal Depression

Health Promotion Post Natal DepressionThe issues of wellness and wellness procession initiatives have gained practically signifi keisterce in the recent past. Stephens (20085) comments that from a genial perspective health are understood as much much than a matter for star-on-one experience and responsibility health demeanor is seen in terms of relationship with others and health is structured by society. World HealthOrganisation(WHO) constitution of 1948, defines health as a realm of complete, physical, social and intellectual well- existence, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. It also adds that health has been considered less as an abstract state and more as a means to an end which can be expressed in functional terms as a resource which permits large number to scarper an privately, socially and economically productive life, with respect to health promotion. (WHO, Geneva, 1986). WHO recognizes the spiritual dimension of health and regards health as a fundamental human right and states that the canonic resources for health should be accessible for all people. fit to WHO, health promotion represents a comprehensive social and political process, which not yet embraces motions aimed at beef up the skills and capabilities of individuals, but also acts toward changing social, environmental and economic conditions so as to alleviate their impact on general and individual health. Its also the process of enable people to increase control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health (WHO official website)The concept of social determinants of health needs to be considered spot discussing health and health promotion initiatives. According to a study conducted by Bambra et.al(2008), the wider social determinants of health were listed fall out as water and sanitation, agriculture and food, health and social dole out services, unemployment and welfare, working conditions, housing and lodge, genteelness and trans port.The term health promotion has variously been used to refer to a social movement, an ideology, a discipline, a strategy, a profession, and a strategy or domain of practice delineated by commitment to key value(Keith and Tones, 2010).According to ODonnell (2009), health promotion is the art and science of discovering the synergies between their hollow passions and optimum health enhancing their motivation to strive for optimal health and supporting them in changing their life style to move toward a state of optimal health, which is a dynamic balance of emotional, social, spiritual and intellectual health. Tones and Tilford (2009) is of the opinion that health promotion as a quasi-political movement and professional activity can be described as militant wing of public health. At a general level health promotion has come to represent a merge concept for those who recognize the need for diverseness in the ways and conditions of living to promote health (Fleming and Parker, 2006) .Post innate drop-offPostnatal depression is one of the most discussed topics in health today. This assignment discusses flecknatal depression in detail, considering the significance it has and the attempts associated with Postnatal depression, among the women in the United Kingdom. There has been a growing international recognition of postnatal depression as a major public health concern (Oates et.al, 2004). The government policy ( incision of Health, 2004) recognises that the mental disorders during pregnancy and the post natal period can have just consequences for individual women, their partners, babies and other children. Perinatal psychiatric disorder is one of the leading rationalitys of maternal morbidity and is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the UK (Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, 2001).NICE (2007) observes that the mental disorders which occur during pregnancy and the postnatal period can seriously proceed the health and wellbeing of a moth er and her baby, as well as for her partner and other family members. This condition is a form of maternal morbidity that affects about one in eighter from Decatur women from diverse cultures and is a leading cause of maternal mortality(Dennis, 2009).Dennis(2009) also comments that postnatal depression can also have serious consequences for the health and well being of the family as the infants and children are particularly vulnerable to it impaired maternal-infant interactions can have an impact on the cognitive, social ,emotional and demeanoural development of the children.According to the latest reports it is estimated that slightly 75000 women within the United Kingdom are affected by postnatal depression (Hanley and Hanley, 2009).Craig (2008) comments that postnatal depression has been various defined as non-psychotic depression occurring during the first six months, the first four weeks and the first three months post partum but recently three months postpartum was suggest ed in the United Kingdom. There have been more views by various authors about postnatal depression. Wheatley (2006) comments that postnatal depression affects between 10 and 20 percent of women who have had babies, and it causes distress at a period when there is e very reason for happiness. Wheatley (2006) adds that the symptoms vary from person to person as for some symptoms can be mild and for other women, it can lead to serious consequences including bouts of depression. However, the case of postnatal depression which is serious equal to warrant treatment percentage is between 7% and 35%. Dalton and Holton (2001) defines that postnatal depression is one of the symptoms of a serious mental condition know as postnatal illness. They opine that postnatal illness covers a range of afflictions which range from sadness to infanticide which start subsequently child birth. The disorders associated with postnatal illness are blues, postnatal depression, puerperal psychosis and infanti cide or homicide. Dalton and Holton (2001, p.3) defines postnatal depression as the first occurrence of psychiatric symptoms severe enough to require medical help occurring after childbirth and before the return of menstruation. They add that it does not include the blues, and excludes the condition of those who have previously sought psychiatric help because of other psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, manic depression, depression or drug abuse. Feeney (2001) is of the view that although the symptom of postnatal depression is dysphoric ( grim) mood, this state is also accompanied by other symptoms like extreme fatigue, strong feelings of guilt, disturbance of sleep and loss of appetite.Hanzak (2005) attributes the occurrence of postnatal depression to three factors biological, mental and social causes. She lists out some of the possible reasons for postnatal depression as history of disturbed early life, loss of own mother, current marital or family conflicts, infertility and investigations for four or more years , loss of a previous pregnancy, adoption or fostering, juicy medical anxieties over the pregnancy, admission to infirmary for longer than one week over the last three months of pregnancy ,major upheavals or stress over the last three months, emergency Caesarean section, neonatal illnesses, hormonal trades and personal or family history of depressionWalsh (2009) comments that the occurrence of postnatal depression is linked with birth experience. Parker (2009) had earlier opined that if the birth was traumatic, there are high chances for postnatal depression. Epidemiological factors of poverty, social class and low income influence the chances of postnatal depression (Gale and Harlow, 2003). Walsh (2009) puts forward a view that postnatal depression can affect fathers and children and whence its important to maintain communication and interaction between family members.Cox and Holden (2001) are of the opinion that the consequences of mate rnal depression are costly not only on a personal level, but also in terms of money and personnel level as well. They put forward an interesting betoken that when there is contact between professionals and mothers is high detection of postnatal depression is very low and that the failure to diagnose depression may be attributed to gyp appointments, a physical orientation of care and an emphasis on the babys rather than the mothers well being. Most cases of postnatal depression can be dealt with at capital care level with monitoring by the family doctor and interventions by primary care staff (Cox and Holden, 2001).Health promotion models and approachesDahlgren and Whitehead (1991) had proposed that the factors which influence health are multidimensional and suggests a model which illustrates the wider determinants of health. The main factors according to them are general socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions, living and working conditions, social and community infl uences, individual life-style factors, age, sex and hereditary factors.The model depicts individuals as central characters, who are influenced by various other determinants, which play a major role in influencing their health factors.Source Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991)Another model which is widely discussed with relation to health promotion is the stages of change model. Bunton et.al(2000) proposes that the transtheoretical or stages of change model has greatly influenced health promotion practices in the United States of America, Australia and the United Kingdom since the late 1980s.The stages of change model was focused on encouraging change for people with addictive doings. People go through several stages when trying to change behaviour (Naidoo and Wills, 2000). Fertman (2010) asserts that behaviour change occurs in stages and that a person moving through these stages in a very specific sequence constitutes the change. According to this model, there are five stages of change, which are listed as pre contemplation, contemplation, preparing for change, making the change and maintenance.The health belief important model is a well known theoretical model, which emphasises the role of beliefs in decision making. This model which was proposed by Rosenstock(1966) and modified by Brecker(1974) proposes that whether or not people change their behaviour will be influenced by an evaluation of its feasibilities and the comparisons of its benefits weighted against the costs.Evans et.al (2005) comments that the major three health promotion approaches are the behaviour change approach, the self-empowerment approach and the collective action or community development approach. They add that these approaches have different goals and adopt different ways to achieve their goals and propose different criteria for their evaluation, though they have a common aim to promote good health and to prevent the effects of ill health. Each of these approaches has a unique understandin g of the origins of health and health behaviour and subsequently of their objectives in health promotion and these three approaches are mutually complimentary. (Victorian Health Promotion Foundation, 2004).NICE (2007) defines behaviour change as the product of individual or collective human actions, seen within and influenced by their structural, social and economic context.Resnicow and Waughan (2006) comment that the study of health behaviour change has historically been rooted in a cognitive-rational paradigm. The models such as social cognitive theory, the health belief model, the transtheoretical model have viewed behavioral change as an interaction of factors such as knowledge, attitude, belief etc (Rimer and Lewis, 2002 Baranowski et.al, 2003).It has been suggested by the proofs that behavior change occurs in stages or steps and that movement through these stages is cyclical involving a pattern of adoption, maintenance, relapse and readoption over time. It has been suggested by the evidences that behavior change occurs in stages or steps and that movement through these stages is cyclical involving a pattern of adoption, maintenance, relapse and re adoption over time(Di paitro and Hughes, 2003)..According to NICE (2007) the attempts to promote or support behaviour change take a publication of forms, which are activities which can be renounceed at a number of levels, ranging from local, one to one interactions with individuals to national campaigns. NICE(2007) divides interventions into four main categories as policy-such as legislation ,education or communication-such as one to one advice, group teaching or media campaigns, technologies-such as the use of seat belts, breathalyses , resources-such as leisure centre entry, free condoms or free nicotine replacement therapy.According to the Victorian Health foundation (2004) the behavioral approach focuses on implementing interventions to change or remove behavioural health risk factors. Interventions fro m this perspective are targeted at a particular behavioural risk factor associated with a particular negative health outcome, and they target a population performing the behavioural risk factor and endeavour to promote health through various strategies. However, Craig et.al (2008) adds that behaviour change interventions are generally complex to design, deliver and evaluate.Michie (2008) states that more investment in developing the scientific methods for behavioural change studies is essential. Behavioural science is relevant to all phases of the process of implementing evidence-based health care development of evidence through the primary studies, synthesizing the findings in dodgeatic reviews, translation of evidence into guidelines and practice recommendations and implementing these recommendations in practice(Michie,2008).Dunn et.al (2006) proposes that Item Response modeling (IRM) can be used to improve the psychometric methods in health education and health behaviour researc h and practice. They add that IRM is already being adopted to improve and revise quality of life questionnaires. However Masse et.al (2006) comments that a number of issues seem to impede the application of IRM methods, as they list out the following issues(i) Lack of IRM applications in the context of health education and health behavior research (ii) lack of sentience as to what IRM can do beyond assessing the psychometric properties of a scale (iii) lack of trained psychometricians trained in our field.It is to be noted that the behaviour change approach came under criticism from various quarters. The major criticisms pointed out by Marks et.al(2005) were the inabilities to target the major socio-economic causes of ill health, possible incompatibilities of the top-down recommendations with community norms, values and practices, the assumption of a direct link between knowledge attitudes and behaviour and the assumption of homogeneity among the receivers of health promotion mess ages.Post natal depression-Current significance and ethical considerationsPost natal depression is a matter of serious concern in the current age, as many women are being affected by it. Almond (2010) comment that post natal depression can be deemed a public health problem as the effects of it are known to go beyond the mother and it also affects the partner and the child. He adds that it can lead to infanticide as well as maternal death by self-destruction and according to evidences, all countries are faced with the challenge of postnatal depression, and the most affected countries are the low and middle income countries. The NICE guidelines for the clinical management of antenatal and postnatal mental health (2007) have observed the risks associated with postnatal depression. Ramchandani (2005) concurs to it and observes that the postnatal depression in fathers can have long-term consequences for the development of their child, on behavioural and emotional aspects. A study entit led The children of the 90s by Bristol University in 2008, had found that post natal depression in fathers can have long dour psychological effects on their children. A notable observation in this study was that the boys born to depressed fathers are twice as likely as other boys to have chances of developing behavioural problems by the age of three and a half.It is essential to look into the long term consequences posed by the problem. Ramchandani (2008) points out that the conduct problems at the age of three to four years are strongly predictive of serious conduct problems in the future, increased criminality and significantly increased societal costs. The quotes by Ramchandani points out the threats posed by the depression among the fathers of new born babies. The impact of postnatal depression can be extremely detrimental to a society, as proved by the recent unfortunate happening of a depressed teacher killing her baby in Exeter, as a result of the depression.Policy drivers There have been lots of developments over the last few years in policy on the mental health and womens services (NICE, 2007). NSF for Child Health and Maternity was published in 2004 and is a 10 year programme that is aimed at the long term and sustained advantage in childrens health. Setting standards for health and social services for children, young people and pregnant women, the NSF aims to ensure fair, high quality and integrated health and social care from pregnancy to adulthood (NHS, 2007). NICE(2007) lists out the four main strands of policy relevant to antenatal and postnatal mental health as National service frameworks(NSFs), (particularly the mental health NSF,NSF for children young people and maternal quality services),policy to ensure equal access to responsive mental health services( especially services that meet needs of women, people from minority ethnic groups), public health policy and policy on commissioning and delivering health care and social care services in the community and the policy concerned with strategies for up(p) mental health services.The screening for postnatal depression is highly talked about in the field of psychology and medicine today. Currie and Radematcher (2004) argues that pediatric providers are aware of the prevalence of postnatal depression and its effect on new born babies. However, there have been arguments for and against screening for postnatal depression and hence the practitioners should consider them carefully (Coyne et.al, 2000). The view proposed by Chauldron et.al (2007) is that from the legal and ethical standpoints and the perspective of feasibility, the benefits of screening outweigh the risks. However, they add that, the implementation must be seen as an repetitious process, and implementing the screening for post natal depression in a systematic and comprehensive approach is critical to the ultimate well-being of children and families.Basten (2009) proposes that more studies in the field of psych otherapeutic research and psychological areas are required. This is in conformance with the observation by De Tychey ,Briancon et.al, 2008) that the diagnostic techniques need to be improved for two caregivers and sufferers through education and the communication should be promoted, focusing on the fostering of parenting skills as a preventive measure against Post Natal Depression.(de Tychey, Brianon et al. 2008).One of the recent studies by Norman et.al (2010) has found out that exercise can help women in combating postnatal depression and that the specialised routines could help new mothers decrease the chances of depression by upto 50 percent.Partnership workingPartnership working is a very important term in the current health and social care system in the United Kingdom. Partnership working can be defined as a system where two or more disciples work collaboratively to deliver optimal care to an individual (NHS, 2007). In the context of post natal depression partnership working refers to working in partnership with the group have-to doe with in the mother and the newborn baby, which includes pediatricians and obstetricians(Byrom et.al,2009) .Douglas(2008) points out that partnership working is recognised as the most effective way of improving social care services. Department of Health (2006) had stressed that the action to improve health and care services will be underpinned through working in partnerships between individuals, communities, business, voluntary organizations, public services and government.Butt(2008) argues that partnerships have international appeal as a means to integrate health and social services in response to the realisation that both sectors serve populations whose complex needs cannot be met adequately through segmented approaches. Partnership working with women having mental health problems can be a contest task (Department of health, 2008).According to NICE (2007) the impact of partnership working is a function of a number of fe atures of joint working and it is possible to categorise partnerships along a number of descriptive variables such as membership, structures, leadership, agendas and organisational cultures. Previous studies have shown that the working of people involved in the care of women with post natal depression, a trusting partnership can be developed between carers, patients and professionals, which will be beneficial to all. Feeney et.al (2001) had proposed that working in partnerships with families is an essential component of effective programme in the early developmental stages of children. Hence partnership working holds a very important role in the post natal period as, it would be able to relieve the emotional stress which many women go through.It was observed by NICE (2007) that developing trust and accommodating relationships within facilitating partnerships is imperative to the development of partnership goals, and issues of process are highly important building blocks to success .Sorin (2002) comments that there are many reasons to establish partnerships and asserts that the family is the most significant influence on the mothers post natal health as well as the childs development and well being. Sorin( 2002) adds that partnerships that develop to address fear and other emotions can work towards understanding attach expression of these emotions, which include learning words to describe the emotion using forms like music ,talking to others .A report on safety in maternity services published by Kings fund (2008) emphasises the significance of team work and collaboration in ensuring the safety of mothers and babies and points out that effective team work can increase safety, whereas poor teamwork can be detrimental to the safety. The report proposes several solutions to resolve the difficulties in team work. The main suggestions include ensuring clarity about the objectives of the team and roles and that there is effective leadership among the group and clari ty in procedures for communication is present (Byrom et.al, 2009).It is important to look into the barriers which affect the concept of partnership working. Lester et.al(2008) comments that there are barriers to closer working in partnerships, which include cultural differences, the time factor which is required to create and maintain relationships and recognition of the advantages of remaining a small and sovereign organisation.ConclusionThis essay has critically analysed the effect of the behavioural change approach intervention of postnatal depression to address the needs of women who are more at risk in the United Kingdom. Various factors which lead to postnatal depression have been explained in the essay. It can be concluded that postnatal depression is to be seriously taken care of, and that the impact of postnatal depression can have serious consequences for society. The various health promotion models have portrayed the linkages between beliefs and behavioral changes. The e ssay has pointed out the importance of partnership working in improving the conditions of mothers and newborn babies. Effective working in partnerships can go a long way in alleviating the concerns of the mothers and improving the mental health of the new born babies, as they play a very important role in framing the future characteristics of the new born babies. A recent study by the University of Leicester has found out that women are less likely to become depressed in the year after childbirth if they have an NHS health visitor who has undergone additional mental health training. These findings point out the fact that postnatal depression can be effectively tackled with external help. The studies about postnatal depression and the concept of partnership working have been very effective in improving the health care system in the United Kingdom and hence serve as an interesting topic for future researches in the field.

Effects Of Thermal Pollution On Aquatic Species

Effects Of caloric Pollution On Aquatic SpeciesThe pollution is the biological, chemical substance or physical alteration of the wet, land, or air that is harmful to living organisms, naval waters and surface waters. The surface waters, such as lakes, rivers, streams, and underground aquifers quarter get affected in different way. They can get polluted in common way including human and animal wastes, pathogenic microorganisms, pesticides, and sediment. The water pollution can happen in industrial nations by wasting toxic metals, organic chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and acids. The human activities that can contribute to pollution argon constructions, drilling, dam construction, salt of roads and driveways to melt the ice, waste disposal and agriculture. Sometimes even hot water can consider as a pollutant. The effects of water pollution follow the path of the waters as they trickle through soil, filter through rock beds, and flow down streams and river system, and into oceans. The excess center of inorganic nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates or raw sewage pollutes lakes or ponds, algae and aquatic appoints overgrow. As of the aquatic localizes die, they fall in the bottom of the water and the bacteria and other(a)(a) microorganisms decompose the remaining of them and that uses up all the dissolved oxygen in the water and suffocating the other aquatic life in the lake or pond.Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature, which is associated with increase in water temperature in streams, lakes or the ocean due to the discharge of heated water from industrial processes. How does the water quality change? It changes when water is used in industrial and queen shows as a coolant. Whenever it is used and returned to the natural environment, the temperature changes, because ferventer water effluent creates a reduced oxygen supply in the environment and therefore it affects aquatic ecosy stems. Whenever the power plants argon opened or shut off for repair, the search and other aquatic species, cannot adapt to sudden changes in temperature and they be killed by thermic shock. In increment to harming aquatic life that cannot tolerate the warmer water, the warmer temperatures lower the amount of dissolved oxygen. The elevated temperature decreases the dissolved oxygen in water and this harms aquatic animals by increasing the metabolic rate of aquatic animal due to increased enzyme activity, which results in increase in food consumption within organism shorter issue of time. Sometimes this results in disruptions of the food chain and decrease in biodiversity. The higher water temperature can also result in increases in aquatic plant growth rates, shorter lifespan and over population of the species. Algae blooms also reduce oxygen directs. The higher temperature denatures the life supporting enzymes by breaking disulphide and hydrogen hold fast in enzymes structu re, which results in the inability to break down lipids which leads to malnutrition. The heated water has multiple effects on the nearby ecosystem. The warmer temperatures increase the ability of plants to photosynthesize, which may spur an algal bloom. It also increases the stress on plants and animals in the water. The temperature changing harms the fish and other aquatic organisms in many ways. The fish and invertebrates ar ectotherms where they ar cold blooded animals, which are slow moving, slow growing and adapted to specific water temperature. This warmer temperature speeds up their metabolism, which harms their ability to survive and reproduce. The native fish like trout may lose their ground while nonnative take present instead of them. All these power plants seduce different types of alter systems, which is easiest and cheapest cooling method, where cool water is withdrawn from a nearby water soundbox and hot water is returned to the same water body. Soon as the sys tem is by far the most environmentally destructive, the closed cycle cooling reuses the cooling water so that the waste heat does not leave the plant, but tranquillise excess heat is released into the atmosphere from the plant rules.The nuclear energy is the No 1 source of the free electrical energy which provides 20% of the United States electricity. There are 437 nuclear power plants are in operation and 55 are under construction worldwide. Those 437 plants have a net capacity of somewhat 371 GW and the 55 will have capacity of 51 GW to generate the energy. The 20% of the electricity is provided by 104 reactors in whole United State, where 35 of the reactors are simmering water reactors and 69 of them are pressurized water reactors. In the boiling water reactors, 14 of them are whizz reactor 9 of them are two reactors and 1 has common chord reactors. For the pressurized water reactors, 15 of them are one reactor, 24 of them are two reactors and 2 of them have three reactors. There are 32 companies which are certify to operate the nuclear reactors in United States. As of the 2009 records, 8 of the states have 31 reactors and those states generate largest percentage of the electricity. The Vermont state has generated largest percentage of the electricity in 2009, which was 72%, then(prenominal)ce 2nd largest comes to New Jersey 55.1%, following Connecticut 53.4%, South Caroline 52.0%, Illinois 48.7%, New Hamphshire 44.1%, Virginia 39.6% and at last in 8 state pappa with 35.1%. The United States largest nuclear plant is located at Palo Verde in Arizona. That plant has 3 reactors which generates 1,311 MW, 1,314 MW, and 1,317 MW for a total of 3,942 megawatts. On the other side Uniteds gnomishest nuclear power plant is at the Ft. Calhoun in Nebraska with 1 reactor and capacity of the 482 MW of extension electricity. In the time line the newest nuclear power plant that was make was in June 1996, in Tennessee. This plant is called Watts Bar 1, which is l ocated in the spring city, and the capacity for coevals if 1,123 MW. From 1990s to 2000s there have been 4 other plants have been built, which are in August 1993, the Comanche Peak 2 with capacity of 1,158 MW and in 1990, the Comanche Peak 1, with capacity of 1,209 MW. The other 2 were in August 1990, the Seabrook 1 in New Hampshire with 1,244 MW capacity and in January 1990, Limerick 2 in Pennsylvania with 1,134 MW by Exelon Corporation. The oldest operate nuclear plant is Oyster brook in New Jersey, operating certify since April 1969.The nuclear reactor is a device to initiate, control and sustain a nuclear chain reaction. The most common use of it is in extension of electrical power and to transport the power. The nuclear reactor is usually involves heat from the reactor chamber to power steam turbines. These reactors are made by 4 major(ip) manufacturers. The reactor manufacturers are GE Hitachi thermonuclear Energy, Westinghouse, AREVA NP and Asea Brown Boveri/Combustion E ngineering (ABB-CE), where ABB-CE is the worldwide nuclear business company. As of the generation capacity by all the nuclear power plants in United Nations 20.2% or 798.7 billion kilowatt-hours (bkWh) of the total U.S. electricity and 14% or 2,560 billion kilowatt-hours of the worlds electricity in 2009. In comparison to other sources, 1,000 MWe reactors has 90% of amount of electricity has generated in 1 course of study. The generated electricity is 7.9 billion KWh, which is good for 740,000 households. To generate that much amount of energy by other give the sack sources, it would ask 13.7 million barrels of the oil or 3.4 million dozens of coal or 65.8 billion boxlike feet of the natural gas. As of the plant performance the South Texas Project 2 in Texas has generated of 11.8 billion KWh in 2007 with most electricity generation record and the drawn-out operating period between refueling goes to LaSalle 1 from Illinois in February 2006 for 739 days.Oyster brook, commit Cre ek, Salem Nuclear Power Plant check Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.The Oyster Creek Nuclear Generation Station (OCNGS) is oldest operating nuclear power plant in United States, which is located in dual River in the Lacey Township, in New Jersey. This plant is spread out in 700 acres of the land and build by Burns Roe, Inc. and owned by the Exelon Corporation. It is one of the four nuclear power plant unit in New Jersey. The other 2 units are at the Salem Nuclear Power Plant, and the Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station. The OCNGS plant was built in 1965 and started power generating in December, 1969 with a license to work for 40 years, but in 2009 the license was elongated for another 20 years by The Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The plant draws its cooling water from Barnegat Bay, and dumps the water into the Atlantic Ocean through Barnegat Inlet. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued the license for first 40 years on the basis of the economic and antitrust considerations, but not technical limitations (Peter N. Tabbot M.P.H. and Mark G. Robson, M.P.H. folk 2006). The OCNGS has a capacity of producing 619 MWe, the total power generated in 2007 was 5077 GW-h and from last 5 year average generation capacity is 5042 GW-h by using a boiling water reactor (BWR). This power plant has generated 4.9 million MWh with capacity factor of 91% and served 600,000 homes as of 2009 record. Each day the OCNGS uses 1.3 billion gallons of Barnegat Bay Water for its quaint cooling system, which is 2.2% of the total volume of the bay per day and over 790% of the bay per year (CITATION). When the plant automatically shuts downs for safety reasons, fish gets killed due to lack of warm water that input into the bay. In 2002, 5,876 fish were killed, and plant was fined $1 million, where as in 2006, only 80 fish died 2007 another 5,304 were killed, and the plant was fined $67,859 and in 2008, 38 fish died in following a shutdown. These cooling towers should pr take these fish kills that is causing by higher temperature and somehow reduce the higher temperatures near the plants authentic discharge area back to chemical formula. This plant has approximately 700 employees, which their payroll is around $53 million in 2003 and $63 million in 2009 also where the seat tax for 2009 was $2.4 million. This plant has increased output associated with 1034 jobs in New Jersey and 915 jobs in Ocean County. This plant has sponsorship the united way of Ocean County by alter more than $277,000 in 2009 and counted as largest employee run campaign in Ocean County. The plant intakes and discharges 1.4 billion gallons of the water on daily basis, and it taken in at a speed of 1-2,000 cubic feet per second, which is the force of medium sized river. The giant sucking action brings the assortment of the smaller aquatic life that flows through the cranch and gets killed in the process of the cooling the reactor, which is called as ent precipitatement. Whe re the larger aquatic life such as striped bass, white perch and endangered sea turtles, gets pinned on the grate and often die, or seriously gets injured by the rush of oncoming water, which is impingement. This plant has developed a record of killing sea turtles in last ten years from 1992 to 2000, 17 sea turtles and 6 sea turtle mortalities. In September 2002, the plant has largest fish kill since 1985, they has over one-one-half a million fish dead, due to plant operators fault. They had failed to turn off the dilution pumps during emergency shut-downs and allowing millions of gallons of the hot water to enter the creek and bay. The modern pollution controls require them to install a closed cycle cooling system, which draws water into the plant for cooling, re-circulates and expels the heat through cooling towers. This system reduces the water intake and discharge by 95%, saving 13 million fish and shellfish and a loss of tens of millions additional larvae annually. It also elim inates the fish kills caused by thermal shock from the discharge, forbear the dumping over 365 tons of toxic ware into the bay annually. The NJ DEPs current draft permit for oyster creek does not require the plant to install a closed cycle cooling system. But they have gotten 3500 acres of wetlands for restoration for fall back option as the alternative way.Figure Salem Nuclear Power Plant.Figure Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station. The other three nuclear power send are located in Lower Alloways Creek Township, New Jersey in United States. Those all three plants owned by PSEG Nuclear LLC and Exelon Generation LLC. Two of the power stations are called Salem Nuclear Power Plants, which are pressurized water reactor nuclear power station and the other one is called a Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station, which is a thermal nuclear power plant. These three plants share an artificial island in the Delaware Bay. As of the 2004 record, the plants have paid $1.23 million in airplan e propeller taxed to Lower Alloways Creek, accounting for 55% of the townships $2.25 million property tax. The plants have expenditures in the four counties surrounding the plants totaled more than $170 million in 2004. The comminute has represented $145.5 million, the goods and services represented as $24.7 million. These spending within region represents, around 27% of the plants total spending of $617.8 million and 66% of the $256.3 million fatigued in New Jersey and Delaware (Nuclear Energy Institute September 2006). The Salem Nuclear Power Plant has two units, which were started in 1977 and 1981 and those two plants have a combined capacity of 2275 MWe. The unit 1 is licensed to operate until August, 2016 and unit 2 is licensed to operate until April, 2020. The PSEG have applied for a 20 year extension of license for both of these units. The technical problem made the Salem Reactors to shut down for two years in 1990s. They had found several difficulties, including blabberm outhed a generators, and unreliable controls on the reactor. In 2004, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission revised the oversight of this plant and ordered authorities to increase the monitoring overnight. Those plant uses more than 3 billion gallons of the Delaware Bays water every single day for cooling, replacing the closed cooling system. The Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station which is thermal nuclear power plant was established in 1986, and it has license to operate the plant until April, 2026. It also has applied for a 20 years extension for license renewal. This plant has producing capacity of 1059 MWe, and in 2007 it has produced 8104 GW-h, where it has average of 7528 GW-h in last 5 years of energy production. This is the plant has the cooling towers, which is designed to remove the heat by pumping water up into the tower and allowing it to fall down inside the tower. Soon as the heat passes the water, it exchanges the some of the heat and evaporates some of the water. The e vaporated flows out the top of the tower and form of a fine cloud like mist, where the cooled water is collected at the bottom of the tower and pumped back into the plant for reuse. This kinds of cooling towers are used where the land and water is expensive and where the state of federal regulations make alternatives impractical. The New Jersey has been ranked 10th in nuclear capacity and 9th place in nuclear generation in 2008.Effects of the Nuclear Power PlantsThe discarded radioactive materials from nuclear submarines and military waste have been a major source of radioactivity in the oceans. Those discarding materials have caused fatal harm to marine life, and it has also entered the food chain as some organisms like shell fish concentrate radioactivity in their bodies which are later consumed by humans. The pesticides like DDT and PCBS can enter the oceans through city waste water and industrial discharges from farms and forests. The Thermal pollution is when high or low temper ature water is discharged from an industrial source. The difference in temperatures can kill corals and other sensitive marine organisms that are not developed to handle the different temperatures. The Thermal discharges of unused heat from fossil fuel or from fission in the nuclear fuel constitute another kind of environmental impact. Thermal effects in biota include problems with reproduction, growth, survival of larval forms, juveniles and adults. Regulatory agencies establish water temperature standards to dominate heated discharges from the power plants to prevent catastrophic kills to occur, or thermally induced demise of aquatic populations. Fish, plankton and benthos are all affected at motley degrees by thermal discharges from power plants. Other environmental impact common to all nuclear power plants are the highly visible transmission lines associated with the generation and distribution of electricity. Underground cables are not yet an economically feasible solution fo r most cases of transmission of electricity. Radioactive effluents released from nuclear power plants are, however, the main reject of monitoring and control to minimize exposure of the public to ionizing radiation.Another effect of the nuclear power plant would be acid rain. The acid rain is the jolly acidic, with the pH of 5.6 of lower, which is due to small amount of carbon dioxide in water droplets to form mild carbonic acid. The other steps which lead to acid rain is the sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released into the atmosphere primarily by nuclear power plants and metal ore refineries. All these oxide gases then react with water vapor to produce sulfuric acid, nitric and nitrous acid, which dissolve in the water droplets, and then combine with normal droplets and form into raindrops, in this case count as acid raindrops. In the Northeastern United States, have very low buffering capacity, therefore if the rainfall is acidic the most rocks and soils have increased thei r acid levels by 5 to 10 fold in the past few decades. The acidic soil lover the pH of the streams those flow over them, and the Environmental Protection Agency has reported in 2000, that approximately 580 of the streams in the Mid-Atlantic coastal plain were found to be acidic including 90% of the streams in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey and that was highest percentage in the nation. This combined acidity has lowered the pH of some lakes around 5.0 and even Little Echo Pond in Franklin, New York got lowered until pH of 4.2 in the Northeastern United States.Effect on the Ocean mammalsFigure The Green Turtle.The Green sea turtle is the larger sea turtle with binomial epithet Chelonia mydas from Cheloniidae family with only species in the genus Chelonia. It is the endangered species listed by IUCN and CITES. It is with low, broadly oval carapace and small head with one pair of pre driveal scales that are unique to them. Their shell length ranges from 36-43 inches and weights avera ge between 200-300 pounds. They evolved more than 150 million years ago, and they spend entire lives in the sea, even more then come to the surface to breathe, and remain underwater for several hours for resting. They inhabit warm, tropical and subtropical waters, they migrate northward as temperature increase in the late spring, and be there until late fall. Their nesting occurs in warm temperate and subtropical regions on open sandy beaches above high tide mark in front of well developed sand dunes. As of the Harold Haines and William Kleese, the scientist from the Miami, Florida, proved that the role of water temperature in the induction and maintenance of a dermal herpes virus infection (gray-patch disease) of young, green sea turtles, which influence of other recognized stress factors were negligible. In their research the animals that were subjected to a gradual increase in water temperature from 25 to 30C and a subsequent decrease to 25C, where they were maintained, had a p eriod before onset of clinical signs and severity closer to that of control animals. In their findings they indicated that both the induction of clinical gray-patch disease and the severity of the lesions are affected by water temperature and suggest that one possible means of control of this herpes virus infection under intensive aquaculture conditions might be water temperature manipulation. The endangered Kemps Ridley, Atlantic Green and Loggerhead turtles are killed each year as they are attracted to the warm water and then sucked toward death on the fooling system intake.The manatees, the large, fully aquatics, and mostly herbivorous marine mammals, which sometimes known as sea cows. They eat over 60 different plant species such as mangrove leaves, turtle grass, and types of algae, using their divided upper lip. The adult manatee eats around 10% of their body weight per day and especially small amounts of fish from nets. They have very few natural predators, like sharks, crocod iles and alligators over time to time. The main causes of their death for sea cows are human related issues, human objects, habitat destruction and natural causes such as disease and temperatures. Another main natural event and unpreventable cause for the manatees death would be red tide which is proliferation of tiny marine organisms knows as dinoflagellates.Figure phytoplankton.The phytoplankton is the autotrophic component of the plankton community. They are too small to see it with naked eye, but if they are in higher numbers, than it can appear as green discoloration of the water due to presence of chlorophyll in their cells. The Phytoplankton obtains energy from the process of photosynthesis, also it accounts for half of all photosynthetic activity on Earth. The effects of the elevated water temperatures and residual chlorine at a coastal nuclear power plant on the biomass and productivity or periphyton and phytoplankton, but not productivity was significantly lower in the t akings region than in the intake region. The phytoplankton is the key food item in both aquaculture and mariculture, where both utilize phytoplankton for the feeding of the animals being farmed. In mariculture, the phytoplankton is naturally occurring and is introduced into enclosures with the normal circulation of seawater, where in aquaculture the phytoplankton must be obtained and introduced directly. The phytoplankton is used as a food stock for the production for rotifers, which are in turn used to feed other organisms, and also used to feed aquaculture molluscs. The species made of only one or few cells, the phytoplankton is the responsible for 50% of the primary productivity on the earth.Waste proceeds of the Nuclear Power PlantFigure Decay in radioactivity of HLW.The waste product of the nuclear power plant is the radioactive waste. The radioactive wastes are very small relative to the waste produced by the fossil fuels and other sources. This waste product is containing r adioactive material, which is the product of the nuclear fission, which comes from not directly committed to the nuclear power industry. The waste that has been produce diminishes over time, so in principle to that that material needs to be isolated for long time to no longer pose a hazard. The waste can be generally classified either low level or high level. The low level radioactive waste considers as highly radioactive part of nuclear reactors and waste from medical procedures, which comparatively easy to dispose and relatively small half life. The high level radioactive waste is material from the core of the nuclear reactor or from nuclear weapon. Most of the high level waste blow over large amounts of radiation and have really long half lives. The radiation coming of the radioactive waste exposes the human and that can cause some 1% of all cancers, which increase cancer risk by 0.002% of reducing the life expectancy. Each year the nuclear power plants produces the 200,000 m3 of low level waste and about 10,000 m3 of the high level waste products including fuel as waste. 1000 MWe of the light water reactor generates about 200-350 m3 low level waste per year, it also discharges about 20 m3 of used fuel, which corresponds to 75 m3 disposal volume. Where the used fuel is reprocessed only 3 m3 of glass is produced, which is similar to 28 m3 of disposal canister. All this compares with an average of 400,000 tons of ash produced from coal, plant and other power sources of the same power capacity.

Photography Ideology Society

Photography Ideology SocietyFor some years right a right smart sociologists, critics, and writers tolerate been intrigued with the idea of picture taking and interested in the concept of political orientation itself, as well(p) as what ideologies reserve been or shadow be presented as using exposurey or visual even offations. Both picture taking and political orientation argon strongly linked to sociological theories, philosophical theories and even psychological theories, provided how is their relationship conceived?What has been discovered near how ideologies be presented deep down a photograph? And are they inevitable?Firstly when talk of the t exact of the term picture taking, in disassembling it to its simplest mark it is the act of recording pictures by capturing light on a light sensitive medium. This invention was believed to be extraordinary, as it was believed that there would be a bright next ahead of this invention ground on the fact that moments c ould be captured in a single photograph. While photography goes far back to the 1820s, the word ideology was created and introduced by count Antoine Destutt de Tracy in the late 18th century. De Tracy defined his concept of ideology by simply stating that it is a science of ideas, it erect be seen as a way of looking at things in terms of common sense or ideology in everyday society, by elbow room of a normative thought process. The philosopher Michael Foucault wroteIdeology is a way of life for societyIn simple terms to define the word and to state that ideology was all somewhat life in everyday society.Famous Sociologist and founder of Marxism, Karl Marx talked of ideology being an instrument of social reproduction in order for the elites to remain in take in of masses, he statesThe ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch of the ruling ideas which is ruling material labour of society as at the same(p) time is ruling intellectual forcesMarx Engels, (1845)Marx and Engel s states that the ideologies of society that are everywhere come from the ruling classes (which refers to those with authority i.e. the bourgeoisie) that they believe submit ruling ideas from the ruling material force of society which as well rules the main academic or intellectual force. This could be applied to photography and its relation to ideology, their theories suggest that Marx and Engels would argue that mainstream photography could be produced to represent ideological ideas in order to benefit the elites.A nonher significant sociologist, Louis Althusser, (1969) looked at ideology and stated that there was an ideological state apparatus, he wroteIdeology, always exists in an apparatus and its practice and practices, this existence is material This whitethorn suggest that in terms of photography according to Althusser it can be seen as an ideological practice, as photography can also be seen as a practice and our our values, desires and preferences are all part of what he calls the idealogical state apparatus.And in summary if a lensman is capturing our values, desires and preferences in photographs this must mean that what is being deliberateed are our idealogical values, desires and preferences.It was not until photography began to be related to social exploration that photography became a form that could be discussed in a socially theoretical manner and could be related to concepts of ideology, when ideologies began to be identified in early photographs of war. In the beginning the fiction of photography began with simply its technology. Writer Eugenia Parry Janis cited in History of photography the state of research wroteThe story of photography would be the history of its proficiencyThis continued and it wasnt until the 1930s that photography became thought of as art.The model of photographic history as the history of its technical refinement continued to the twentieth century, jingoistic overt unrivalleds were most obvious in the 20s and 3 0s, as French and whence German historians rendered increasingly factorial and self-serving versions of photographys first hundred years states R. Douglas Nickel, (2001).Photography in stages became reflective of society, but in the 1980s and 90s photography associated with social history, cultural history and theory.This evidently came after the institute of Marx Engels, Althusser or (Barthes specifically on the concepts of photography itself and its concern with ideology in particular.Marxs take a crap was Based on the notion of ideology, specifically, the idea that photography is not a medium of mere class of resource but a commodity subject to the invariable distortions and False consciousness that Marxist theorists state characterise throughout the super structural products of bourgeoisie culture. Marx also states that capitalism traffics in photography is taken as pure ideology, an empty vessel of conduct for transaction of power relations.He states that picture photograp hy is unconsciously ideological.Photography and sociology in particular have always had a strong relation and one of the most profound theories around photography is its ideology or its visual culture. When talking of ideology in a photograph one is talking of its sociology or the sociological theory around it that sociologists and writers have followed and researched. Photography and sociology have approximately the same birth date, and are both considered similar in terms of their work exploring society writer Rosenblum cited in Photography and sociology writesDifferent kinds of photographers work in different institutional settings and occupational communities, which effect their product as an essential setting in which sociologists work effects theirs Rosenblum, (1973)In working in a particular place or community with particular surroundings, the community around sociologists affect the work they produce and it is the same aspect for photographers, in photographing a certain con cept they are producing a photograph that is subject to its environment therefore it is unavoidable that ideologies would be projected.Becker, (1974) elaborates on this aspect, he states that the constraints of settings in which photographers did their work bear on how they went about it, their habits of seeing, the pictures they made and when looking at society what they saw, what they made of it and the way they presented their result.Photography is somewhat seen as an exploration of society the like said before, it can be used to find the reality of ways of life or hide them, and most importantly reflect ideologies within society like many writers argue.However another use photographs can have is telling the News, this has become increasingly important over many years, as they are used as a social exploration through photographic news news media. Marxists would argue that some pictures or drawings in the news would be used to submit ideologies one example of this is the famous war picture featured in news papers which was used to recruit soldiers and had a soldier on it stating I essential YOU for U.S army.This picture was used to persuade young men to join the army to form an ideological opposition to defend ones country.Photographic journalism was around as far back as the civil war as Mathieu Brody and Horan (1955) photographed it, it was also bouffantly utilised by the 1960s during the civil rights movements.Today photographic journalism can be used to form certain political ideas a simple example of this would be using the numerous pictures of attractions such as George Bush or Gordon Brown looking professional and dressed in a suit, this would provoke ideologies of civilised and democratic leaders whilst showing a leader such as many pictures of the late Yassire Arafat in an unprofessional looking position wearing his traditional head scarf would provoke ideas of a little professional man.Another example of ideology used in photographic journal ism today would be pictures of young and thin looking models on the forward magazines such as vogue or cosmopolitan which expose the ideal way a young lady should look in todays society.It is argued that some photographs have been based on political ideologies, it is evident that photography has a strong relationship with the concept of ideology, since the sociology of photography was explored, writers such as Roland Barthes explored this specifically in his work on mythologies to be precise which I will later explore.Writer Hadjincolau, (1978) cited in the theory of ideology bringing the mind back in Sates that a visual ideology is presented with both instances or exemplars of the system of representation in use (individual pictures) and with explicitly formulated rules of the system for example drawing manuals.In talking of the way ideology effects society and its subjects or products, Roland Barthes, (1957) in mythologies wroteThe whole of France is steeped in this anonymous ide ology our press, our cinema, our theatre, our popular literature, our ceremonies, our Justice, our diplomacy, our conversations, our remarks on the weather, the crimes we try, the wedding we are locomote by, the cooking we dream of, the clothes we wear, everything, in our everyday life, contributes to the representation that the bourgeoisie makes for itself and for us of the relationships between man and the world.One obvious ideological photograph that Barthes writes about is one of French imperialism, it is one of a black bow wearing military garments and appearing to salute the French rowlock on the cover of a French magazine named genus Paris Match. It attempts to represent an ideological image that shows a French unity based on serving under the French flag and under France despite the ethnic origin or that fact that boy may be from a French colony.Barthes writes about his interpretation of this image in particular he famously wroteI am at the barbers, and a copy of Paris-Mat ch is offered to me. On the cover, a young Negro in a French uniform is saluting, with his eyes uplifted, probably fixed on a fold of the tricolour. All this is the meaning of the picture. But, whether naively or not, I see very well what it signifies to me that France is a great Empire, that all her sons, without any colour discrimination, faithfully serve under her flag, and that there is no better answer to the detractors of an alleged colonialism than the zeal shown by this Negro in serving his so-called oppressors. I am therefore again faced with a greater semiological system there is a signifier, itself already formed with a anterior system (a black soldier is giving the French salute) there is a signified (it is here a purposeful change of Frenchness and militariness) finally, there is a presence of the signified through the signifier.This photographs critique is linked to the concept of realistic vs. idealistic when talking of its visual culture. Photographs such as this r eflect the ideal that French powers would have ideally liked to reach ain the 1950s, however even in contemporary France these issues are still evident and are reflected within visual culture. There is still a fairly clear divide between the French by origin and those from current or previous colonies.Pictures like these are produced everyday even today and as Marx Engels, Althusser, and Foucault would argue, those in power use the mechanism of photography as a way of fabricating ideology through visual art forms. However from time to time films such as Mathieu Kossivitz La Haine (1995) reveals the reality rather then the ideal of societies such as the French society. La Haine produces some documentary like visuals and photographs that depicts the reality of French societies which disassembles the ideologies in dealing with contemporary issues such as integration, social exclusion, unemployment, or inequalities through visual imagery. This film was so successful and reflective of F rench society that French politicians and then president Jack Chirac organised a special consider of the film within parliament.In discussing this, these issues only confirm that what we see from a picture like the one on Paris Match is constructed of semiological systems that reveals signifieds that have already been framed, which shows a clear signified from a signifier according to Barthes.Barthes mythologies also states that ideological pictures like the Paris Match cover were a signifying function created by a sum of signs that resulted in a myth.Relative to the Paris Match photograph Stuart Hall (1997) cited in the article Illustrate and critically discuss the way in which semioticains problematise the concepts of representation by Roderick Munday,Hall states that the minority groups, or what he describes as people who are different in any way from the norm are frequently exposed to what he calls binary forms of representation.Examples of these are as he states them/us, black /white, good/bad, and ugly/attractive.He also states that minority groups or people who are in any way different are also expected to be both contraries at the same time.This is applicable to the Paris Match photograph as for example he is wearing uniform usually typically representative of white French boys yet he is black.It can be seen as a continuation or reemphasis of the traditional sense of representation as symbolising an abstract idea.An example of this is the representation of black people, and the mishap of them being viewed as the representation of white peoples ideas about them.One example of this is cited in Roderick Mundays essay and is a photograph of Linford Christie after winning gold at a major competition as an athlete in Barcelona 1992. As a result of this picture the British press could only focus on him wearing a tight athletic running suit and the apparent size of his genitals.This was an influence of ideological ideas and perceptions that black men in parti cular had orotund genitals.The ideology that black men had large genitals had been formed over a long period of time Antonio Gramsci would argue has become a hegemonic belief, which means a popular belief amongst the majority or a hegemonic and ideological belief.One may be subject to thinking that if ideological ideas can be made about a photograph such as this, it can be made about any other photograph.When looking at this picture, like Althusser states a major ideological state apparatuses which is the media choose to ignore, they opt to sideline other representations within the photograph and focus of an a racial ideology. This suggests that as this is include in mainstream media many would have been familiar with this article and this could have influenced their views.However postmodernist critics state that individuals are not extremely influenced and can identify their own views, they argue that individuals are not that dependant or taken advantage of.Despite this argument i n conclusion the British media chose to ignore the fact that he is holding a British flag and the representation of it, or the fact that his body language reflects his success his power and success or appreciation for the musical accompaniment crowd.Other work done on this subject is that of writer kobena Mercer, Mercer studied photographs of Robert Mapplethorpe that revealed photographs of what appears to be genitals of black man and their particular emphasis on their large size.Mercer wroteMapplethorpe is serving a colonial fantasy, the sexual idealisation of the racial otherMercer, (2002)One photograph that Mapplethorpe produced was one that revealed a black man in a workers suit, with emphasis to his genital area exposed, from this photograph one could assume that the ideal is that he has large genital before the fact that he is just a working man. Mercers critic of his photographs argues that rather then taking the black man as a person Mapplethorpe is feeding the racial ideal .Amongst famous ideological photographs is photographer Joe Rosenthals 1945 Iwo Jima flag- genteelness photograph of for American soldiers raising the American flag symbolising the ideology of American nationalism, American power, and American spirit.One could analyse this image in the way that Roland Barthes does in a systematic way to uncover its meaning and ideology.Roland Barthes rhetoric of the image states that there are terce put acrosss we need to skim off.The three messages include the linguistic code, the coded iconic message, and the non coded iconic message.He looks at these three messages when analysing the Panzani advert.When looking at the flag raising picture the first message is not evident within the picture as the picture does not contain any text therefore we must continue to the second message, the coded iconic message, this message looks at coded aspects which enable us to immediately identify just the pure image or any unconscious messages that have iconic s ignificance.When looking at the discontinuous signs as the coded iconic messages in Rosenthals image as Barthes calls them, the first instance the image represents is the notion of four soldiers who were currently engaged in a betrothal that ended in victory.The euphoric values within this photograph are firstly the idea of fresh success in winning the battle and celebration that will occur prior to doing so.The signifier for the signifier is the raising of the flag, one of the other signifiers the second signifier is the American flag itself representing americanicity rather then italianicity as Barthes describes in the Panzani advert.Another signifier would be the uniforms of the soldiers which would signify the immediacy of being in a battle and the equality amongst the soldiers.The third message, the non-coded message involves just looking at the objects in the image and the messages without codes or as Barthes describes this as The literal Message or describing the simple stru cture of the image and the objects.The obvious non-coded messages within this photograph would simply be the soldiers themselves raising the flag in unity, and the American flag it self.The image has been one of the most famous iconic American images in history and has been reproduced countless times on, postcards, stamps, frames, and posters.The image is the representation of an American ideal, and of the fighting spirit of its soldiers that American forces talk off often.It also indicates the ideal of American power and how strong America is.However one of the reasons why I chose this picture as many believe that Rosenthal must have posed the figures in the photograph stating that he had told the soldiers to re-enact the flag raising for a second time. Rosenthal stated that this was not the case as he had first missed the first flag raising by soldiers but then naturally captured the second raising of a larger flag.Weather these allegations were correct or not, this may indicate a disaster that this ideological image used photography to submit certain un-conscious American ideologies and ideas of patriotism weather done naturally or not.We may conceive that photography is being used to accomplish certain ideologies from the relationship that photography has with ideology.Discussing photography throughout its time and its strong connection with sociology in exploring society, it is clear that there have always been social ideologies and that photography has always been linked to them in one way or another, whether promoting them or challenging them, they are still used today.In simple terms we may conceive that photography just reflects most of societys ideas.This therefore insinuates that we may conceive of the relationship between photography and ideology as inevitable, this is exemplified in Roland Barthes analysis of the photograph showing the Panzani advert in the Rhetoric of the image whenHe states that the advert promotes ideals of what he describes i s italianicity or the perfectly balanced meal based on what Italians eat.Therefore I ask weather it is possible to develop a photograph without some ideologies as Barthes states in his work on Mythologies, ideologies are all around us in cinema, News papers, magazines and even the weddings we go to or the clothes we wear.Certain ideologies within any given photograph may represent a different ideal. I argue that even the least typical ideological photograph is an ideal of the un-ideological photograph, or the ideal of an image polar to an image seen as ideological. Even a photograph of mountains of sand in the desert photographed by photographer by Ansel Adams provokes ideas of Arabian nights, an Arabic camel walking to the ticktack of its humps, or Arabic Saharan way of life. This may be because we un-consciously relate ideas that are already set out for us as such as media or education Althusser would argue. Therefore weather or not we choose to use typical of un-typical ideals within a photograph to benefit our society and drill our society in the right way is up to us.Bibliography 1, Kobena Mercer Reading racial Fetishiam the photographs of Robert Mapplethorpe in eds. Evans Hall (1999) Visual culture he reader London Sage, unsolved university2, Becker, H. S. (1974) Photography and Sociology. Studies in the Anthropology of Visual Communication 1, 3-26.3, Paris Match French ideology, Google images www.google.com accessed 03/04/084, Lewis, W. (2005) Louis Althusser and the Traditions of French Marxism Lexington books, 2005 5, Marx and Engels The German Ideology Part I Feuerbach. Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist expectation http//www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm 6, Robert Mapplethorpe, Google images www.google.com accessed 03/04/087, Joe Rosenthal raising the flag, Google images www.google.com accessed 04/04/ 8, Roland Barthes Rhetoric of the image in ed Wells, L (2003) The photography reader London, New York R outledge9, Barthes, Roland, Mythologies, London Vintage, 2000 10, Trevor Pateman, The Theory of Ideology transport the Mind Back In http//www.selectedworks.co.uk/theoryideology.html accessed02/04/0811, Linford Christie Google image www.google.com accessed 04/04/0812, Hall, Stuart (Editor) Representation Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, London Sage Publications, 199713, Roderick Munday Illustrate and critically discuss the ways in which semioticians problematise the concept of representation. http//www.aber.ac.uk/media/Students/ram0207.html accessed 04/04/0814, photography http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography accessed 03/04/0815, Roland Barthes http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Barthes accessed 03/04/0816, Berger, John, Ways of Seeing, Hardmondsworth Penguin Books Ltd., 1972 17, Roland Barthes, Panzani Advert www.google.com accessed 02/04/0818, Ansel Adams gallery, http//www.anseladams.com/ansel-adams-photography.html accessed 04/04/08

Computers :: essays research papers

COMPUTERSCould one imagine what the world would be like now without computing devices? For one, I would not be typing this paper right now. Computers were actually developed in early history. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. ii men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Chaney 52). This caused many an(prenominal) other lot to develop computers for various tasks. Each new computer helped to discharge a different function and make it easier. Eventually IBM made a computer that could perform various tasks such as figure out equations, store data, and draw graphics (Chaney 53). From there the computer industry exploded. Now computers strike changed many aspects of life.Computers arouse had a major effect upon business. One area deals with the advertising industry. It has completely re-arranged the advertising business. Before c omputers companies used to campaign only on magazines, billboards, and T.V. The internet has spawned a new world for advertising. If anyone has ever been on the Internet they know that it is a major contri yetor to this. Instead of companies paying around 1 million dollars to advertise for a 30 second commercial during the Super Bowl they could just pay a certain amount to be publicise forever on the net. People terminate also notice the changes of advertising on the T.V., also. Not until the last few years set about people detect that a gravid deal of the commercials on T.V. are computer-related. These two combined have made the advertising businesses boom. Not only just on the T.V., but also on the net. Another area affected is the stock trading business. Computers have actually hurt the majority of stock brokerage firms. The reason is because computers lead it&8217s users to have access to the same information the actual brokers have. They can log onto the internet and go t o their online firm to download information on stocks. This air they have the familiarity to trade and buy stocks for themselves without paying a certain percent to the broker. People can become a member of online firms such as Ameritrade, DLJ Direct, SureTrade, and others. Here they can trade for a mere $8-$10 dollars. People also have responded that they feel more comfortable when they have total stamp down of their money ( Maney 45). A final area deals with the actual computer-related companies.Computers essays research papers COMPUTERSCould one imagine what the world would be like today without computers? For one, I would not be typing this paper right now. Computers were actually developed in early history. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Chaney 52). This caused many other people to develop computers for various tasks. Each new computer helped to perform a different function and make it easier. Eventually IBM made a computer that could perform various tasks such as figure out equations, store data, and draw graphics (Chaney 53). From there the computer industry exploded. Now computers have changed many aspects of life.Computers have had a major effect upon business. One area deals with the advertising industry. It has completely re-arranged the advertising business. Before computers companies used to advertise only on magazines, billboards, and T.V. The internet has spawned a new world for advertising. If anyone has ever been on the Internet they know that it is a major contributor to this. Instead of companies paying around 1 million dollars to advertise for a 30 second commercial during the Super Bowl they could just pay a certain amount to be advertised forever on the net. People can also notice the changes of advertising on the T.V., also. Not unt il the last few years have people noticed that a great deal of the commercials on T.V. are computer-related. These two combined have made the advertising businesses boom. Not only just on the T.V., but also on the net. Another area affected is the stock trading business. Computers have actually hurt the majority of stock brokerage firms. The reason is because computers allow it&8217s users to have access to the same information the actual brokers have. They can log onto the internet and go to their online firm to download information on stocks. This way they have the knowledge to trade and buy stocks for themselves without paying a certain percent to the broker. People can become a member of online firms such as Ameritrade, DLJ Direct, SureTrade, and others. Here they can trade for a mere $8-$10 dollars. People also have responded that they feel more comfortable when they have total control of their money ( Maney 45). A final area deals with the actual computer-related companies.

Defining Beauty for Men and Women in Portraiture Essay -- Masculine Fe

Defining Beauty for Men and Women in depictingure ... A thing of truelove is a joy forever Its candor increases it will never Pass into nothingness ... What is beauty? Seemingly a continually evolving and infinitely elusive ideal - mankind has been obsessed with the concept of beauty throughout the ages. Portraiture, as an essential channel of visual communication, has traditionally been the medium through which definitions of beauty are graphically expressed. Particularly in the Renaissance where portrayal often served celebratory or commemorative purposes, it was crucial that portraits were accepted as aesthetically pleasing reflections of the social ideals of the time. Hence by comparing and contrasting a range of different portraits of depicting men and women of the Renaissance such as Titians La Bella, Bronzinos Eleonora de Medici, Sofonisba Anguissolas Self Portrait, Vasaris Alessandro de Medici, Bronzinos Cosimo de Medici as Orpheus and Pedro Berruguetes Portrait of Feder ico da Mentelfeltro, viewers can gain an understanding of the conceptual differences in definitions of masculine and feminine beauty during this period.Titians La Bella Portrait of a Woman in a Blue Dress (1536) is a captivating example of Renaissance ritratto (portraiture) demonstrating ideals of feminine beauty. It presents the image of a vibrant preadolescent woman. With smooth, light skin tone and delicate rounded face the woman is clearly defined as an exceptional beauty. Framed at a rebuff angle to the picture frame, La Bella emerges from the dark neutral background with subtly averted gaze, at once both inviting and refrained. Through the conflict of La Bellas attractive yet submissive presentation, the portrait captures the essence of Renaissance female beauty perfectly, presenting the mildly sensual nature of the womans image as a joy in itself.To complement her dignified demeanour, La Bella wears an amazingly intricate and extravagant blue gown. For a period when women were without a public voice and remained strung-out on signs of visual identity such as clothing and jewellery, such a display of finery implies significant wealth and social status. Considering the seductive rendering of the theoretical account utilising costly lapis lazuli, it is clear Titian desired to present an image of ultimate feminine loveliness. The portrait is free from overt art... ...re often used as vital center of propaganda communication. Beyond these conventional images we have such images as Cosimo de Medici as Orpheus and Self Portrait by Sofonisba. Which, although rare, were recognised as beautiful portraits of the time, and present and much more unusual and intriguing visions of beauty. Through the exploration of this diverse range portraiture, the contrasting ideals of masculine and feminine beauty in the Renaissance have been explored. Yet overall, no matter what the gender orientation of the subject, it the discovery of such passionate and artistic tale nt presented which is essentially beautiful. Consequently, the grand appeal of such glorious images is up to now appreciated today, and will continue to delight viewers for generations to come. BibliographyPaola Tingali Women in Italian Renaissance Art (Manchester 1997)Geraldine A. Johnson & Sara Greico Picturing Women in Renaissance and Baroque Italy (Cambridge 1997)Patricia SimonsPortraiture confront the Subject ed Woodhall (Manchester 1997)Lorne CampbellRenaissance Portraits (Yale 1990)Alison ColeArt of the Italian Renaissance Courts (Everyman Art Library 1997)

Cultural Rape in Heart of Darkness and The Jewel in the Crown :: comparison compare contrast essays

Cultural Rape in Heart of Darkness and The Jewel in the round top The comparison of Heart of Darkness and The Jewel in the Crown may lead to some interesting questions. The authors of these two great works have found their way into the literary cannon for well-founded reasons. Both texts come out to continue to bring the reader to ask questions of twain the text and the readers own moral values. One of these value based questions deals with racism. It may well be that both of these great works may be examples of racism being subjected upon the people of two separate continents. Both of these situations may be compared to not the rape of a womanhood, but the rape of a people and their ideologies. As Paul Scott wrote The Jewel in the Crown his story seems to tell a tale of an English woman in India who had been raped. On the surface of course this is the story meant for the reader to find. However, underlying the issue of rape there may be another story. Scott writes, This is the story of a rape, of the events that led up to it and followed it and of the place in which it happened. There are the action, the people, and the place (Scott 3). This single statement may have more truth within it astir(predicate) the authors intent in his story. When Scott writes that with his story is that of a rape we must ask of whom? The written character that is raped is Daphne Manners. Her original home is Britain. The same country that has colonised India becomes an important issue in the story. It is important to see that Scott describes the fact that, Mr. Gandhi began preaching sedition in India at the same time he introduces the rape base (Scott 3). Scott is hinting to the reader his real intention behind his story. Gandhis act of sedation was one wrapped in hopes of attaining equality and freedom from Britain for his people. Britain had control of his land and its people. Scott is not the just author aware of racial inequality in Britains colonization of for eign continents. Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is also a complaint of racial inequality concerning Britains colonization. His is a complaint of the control of certain parts of Africa.

Female Circumcision in African Countries :: Female Circumcision Culture Essays

Female circumcision is a horrifying procedure that can be defined as the removal of the clitoris on the personate of a female. The surgery is often accompanied by ceremonies intended to honor and welcome the girls into their communities. It can be observed in parts of Northern Africa and gray Arabia where many girls undergo ritual surgery involving removal of parts of their external genitalia. About eighty million living women have had this surgery, and an additional four or five million girls undergo it each year (Kouba and Muasher). This tradition is prevalent and deeply embedded in many countries, including Ethiopia, the Sudan, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Kenya, Tanzania, Central African Republic, Chad, Gambia, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Eritrea, os Coast, Upper Volta, Mauritania, Nigeria, Mozambique, Botswana, Lesotho, and Egypt (Abdalla). It is usually performed between infancy and puberty. From a Western point of view, it may seem unnecessary and vulgar. However, these ancient pra ctices hold significant meaning to the slew who practice it. They are supposed to promote chastity, religion, group identity, cleanliness, health, family values, and marriage goals. Although it is conducted with good intentions, tragically, the usual ways of performing these surgeries deny women sexual orgasms, cause significant unwholesomeness or mortality among women and children, and strain the over-burdened health care placements in these developing countries. These practices are often referred to as female circumcision, but those who wish to stop them progressively use the description female genital mutilation. My paper give explore the various forms of female genital mutilation, its deep association with the patrilineal system in Africa, and the efforts to stop this tragedy. Impalpable cultural clashes explode when people from societies practicing genital mutilation settle in other parts of the world and bring these rites with them. For example, it is practiced by Muslim groups in the Philippines, Malaysia, Pakistan, Indonesia, Europe, and North America (Kluge). It is obvious that when different cultures are forced to live a similar life side by side, differences will occur. However, it is difficult to observe and accept any form of physical, mental or emotional abuse. In this particular case, the issue is addressed towards female genital mutilation which is strongly involved with all the forms of abuse. It is most common for parents to use traditional practitioners but there are some who seek medical facilities to reduce the morbidity or mortality of this genital surgery.