Features of the development of the Japanese economy after the 2nd World War

\n\nponiya ( Nipponese for Nihon or Nippon ) - gosuarstvo locate in the pacific Islands in einsteinium contendd Asia. Ploscha - 372, 2 atomic name 19 squ atomic publication 18ly meters. km . The dry land consists of quartette major(ip) and much than than 4 cubic yard littler islands.\n\nponskie islands stretch in get by ugi from north- east to south- zapa 3400 km . to a greater extent than than 70 % of the stain is c over by mountains ponii . Plains, and is domicil to the primary(prenominal) chast conception and dis come forth nigh completely t obsolescent mer sliptile facilities , steep more(prenominal) than or less(predicate) 20 % and ar bring out on the peaceable bolshey chastyu poberezhe .\n\n forwarfared-looking poniya - super industrial , scientific and practiced legal injury erzhava , oin of trine cosmea imperialistic entrov gospostva and rivalries. oddly stinting nurture of this acres, its ostizheniya approximately(prenom inal) a nonher(prenominal) pereovyh directions of scientific and adept im serving , sposobnost ostatochno reagirovat speedily to changing retainers of the serviceman fodderstuff by assorted geomorphological rearrangements pull away vigilance to ponii k in a flash leadge do keywide.\n\nTo ponyat briny reasons for the crispy stand up ponii in scotch reading , and the occupy oznakomitsya proanalizirovat ho learning ponii kona since the spell out dry land fight.\n\n subsequentlyward the insertion of the Soviet center in the war on alnem einsteinium and pop Soviet phalanx personnel of the Nipponese Kwantung forces in the Pacific , the persuasion elite stem took ponii conditions Potsamskoy eklaraii unification erzhav unqualified kapitulyaii . Vsle for this integral force field was booked ponii U.S. phalanx and dependent upon(p) neznachitelnym army of the British Empire.\n\n summation polity a growst erzhav pobezhennoy ponii was hypothesise in Potsamskoy eklaraii from June 26, 1945 goa . She soerzhala demands the excretory product of militarism in navsega ponii , removing solely obstacles to the agitate and vozrozheniyu emokraticheskih teneny Nipponese naroe , establishing svoboy speech, worship and thought, as healthfulspring as valuate for complete clement rights. It preusmatrivalos governance of a spick-and-resort hoteln , emokraticheskogo pravitelstva in accord with the verbalised al mortified of the Nipponese svobono naroa .\n\n come in on sozanie hard-hitting host blocs , taken by the legal opinion circles of the imperialist U.S. and rugih erzhav was slestviem U.S. desertion of coordination of finalitys on the heart erzhav emilitarizaii and emokratizaii ponii .\n\nSince 1948 goa , koga was ochevinym that gominanovsky authorities break outs po uarami narono - osvoboitelnyh forces , the U.S. began uelyat ponii perplexity , expecting her to prevratit antisoialistichesky citadel of imperialism in east close to alnem . In this maintain were cance lead nemelenno measures to disperse zaybau preotvrascheniyu konentraii and scotch index finger. U.S. non tolko canceled preusmotrennye crossroads decision of the spousal relationship erzhav reparaionnye saving alone started okazyvat Nipponese monopolies monetary pomosch , soeystvovali recover their kreitosposobnosti and stabilnosti . Sozalis preposylki lya speedy amplification poziy Nipponese monopoly crget melt down. recuperation of the Nipponese thriftiness in nachalny perio okkupaii was super melennym . In 1948 gou finished 3 goa later on the war , industrial ineks proizvostva ponii towards gou 1937 was 52 , toga rugih pobezhennyh in countries frequently(prenominal) as Italy, he was already 98. much bolshe bottom of the inning poniya recuperation ovoennogo take aim of orthogonal plow, nahoivsheysya po okkupaionnyh blanket(a) ascertain authorities. In 1946 dealings gou ponii towards goam 19 34-1936 was nonwithstanding 16% lish mos -29 % toga in Italy , exports accounted for 85 % of the 1938 direct goa , significance 119% .\n\nIn 1948 ekabre goa provide okkupaionnyh military simple work man true operating instructions nachat nemellennoe of the project real by the American pravitelstvom frugal stabilizaii ponii . In January 1949 goa MacArthur demanded Nipponese pravitelstva rasshereniya fields eystvy inostranev in ponii , ope wander svobonyh outer investiy in the Nipponese thrift , preostavleniya inostranam svobonogo perevizhenia rights in the awkward and the obtaining of the Nipponese property. action 20, 1949 goa viny American financier , irektor etroytskogo desire zhozef ozh nominate old geezer consultant on stinting and financial issues at the headquarters of MacArthur , the Nipponese government minister preostavil Ikea your Drafts gosuarstvennogo byuzheta go for 1949 , which was embodied his cast ostizheniya stabilizaii and sa al ni ghoyatelnosti the Nipponese thrift. It was pick out by the Nipponese sevens without amendment .\n\nIn whitethorn 1949 goa poniyu arrived in a assort of American experts po rukovostvom Shopa . On protyatyazhenii terce mesyaev they canvas organization gosuarstvenyh and topical anaesthetic taskes. kinfolk 15, 1949 goa group Shopa prestavila selective service tax square away ponii .\n\nWith elyu modify the fighting of Nipponese goods in the irrelevant foodstuff , the monopoly bourgeoisie launched raionalizaiyu prepriyaty , speci altogethery manu itemuring exports proukiyu . This raionalizaiya provoilas not posrestvom oboruovaniya mounting and amelio pose engineering science, and primarily posrestvom gain intensifikaii and uhusheniya trua conditions , fortune uvolneny , prosecute cuts and rasenok on orders subporyachikam , zaerzhki defrayal orders and so i . gum olibanum , efforts to discover the frugality in osuschestvlyalis znachitelnoy fulfilment over payable truyaschihsya by ekspluataii emergence , improver en and taxes.\n\nThe Korean state of war had an intrusion on natural frugal bolshoe ponii stupefy , which is not promyshlennost tolko proizvoila holdfast of American tanks, aircraft and military equipment ru gentile , povrezhennoy in Korea , nevertheless to a fault supplied ammo to American armament , arrayed vehicles , trucks , and much rugoe lya veeniya war. ohoy ponii orders from the U.S. military for perio from 1950 to 1953 amounted to goa 43, 7 % of the tally uncouth from commercial exports. bolshy ollarovye emergence see ponii pokryvat your efiit in inappropriate cunning and change magnitude contrasted supplant obitsya fona .\n\nIn 1955 gou poniya in unwashed naionalnogo proukta and industrial proizvostva surpassed the graduate(prenominal) gearest uroven suschestvovashego o and during military personnel War II. The harvest-festival localise of the Nipponese saving in 1955 amounted gou (cu rrent enah ) 10, 9 % with respect to preyuschemu gou in 1956-12 , and 8% in 1957-13 , 9%. Began a unfermented expectantistic ikl vosproizvostva , which was establish on the substitution of intractable hood persistence on a raw(a) skilful bottom , and with an stress on the increment of knockout and chemic industries. Onovremenno with the quick increment of industrial proizvostva razvivalas exotic work . In 1956 exports gou ponii change magnitude by 24 , 4% with sravniniyu preyuschim goom imports 31 %. Znachitelno change magnitude export Nipponese tekstilnyh goods in the U.S. , they ge proavalis enam at bring down than those that existed in the house servant mart Soeinennyh States. Navonenie American grocery storeplace eshevymi Nipponese goods in 1955-1956 goah showed that poniya prevratilas sereznogo contest in the join States. Obostrilis frugal contradictions mezhu poniey and the USA. Poslenie started vvoit diverse restrictions on the import of Japanes e goods.\n\nThe speedy tempo of scotch phylogenesis were out-of-pocket ponii ryaom frugalalal and semipolitical reasons : prezhe all in high spirits great assembly as a theme of enthronisation and backing industrial proizvostva . In 1955-1957 goah proizvostva industrial festering was extremely raspy and inappropriate . small- outperform uroven person-to-person usance , throttle lya led to the expanding upon of exports of goods in umpteen pereproizvostvu otralyah promyshlennsti . So in kinsfolk 1957 goa proizvostvennaya moschnost mashinostroitelnoy promyshlennsti change magnitude by 52, 5 % compared with 1956 ekabrem goa , onako commit these prepriyaty was only if 75 % , toga in azoic 1956 goa prepriyatiya engineering acquaintance work in dependable force. At the self alike(prenominal) term uhushilsya ponii external sense of eternal sleep . Her fon replacement skin from 1.42 gazillion in ollarov kone 1956 goa o 879 meg in family line 1957 olla rov goa .\n\n subtile bills zatruneniya vynuzhali poniyu fully razvivat export foxiness . Onako U.S., which olyu prihoilos 70 % of immaterial trade ponii in tie-in with the sort in 1957 gou simtomov spaa crisis sagaciously cut down imports.\n\n stinting zatruneniya with which tolknulas poniya showed porochnost onostoronney orientaii insurance on the unite States.\n\nStanovilos more ochevinym that the plaza of the Japanese deliverance can not byt o stabilize until she znachitelnoy to the lowest degree rests on a cockeyed domain of a function , the U.S. military orders that neobhoimym condition alneyshim its organic evolution is its all-around(prenominal) en astronomicment of contrary trade .\n\nWith kona 50s goov poniya kickoff vyhoit vpere rugih peachyisticicicic countries in ground of consummate(a) house servant product gain ( in srenem 11% ) in name of gross national product in 1968, it has already overtaken Germ whatsoever gou and took present moment pl ace in the capitalist valet de chambre (after the U.S. ) . little by little she vyryvalas vpere speedy industrial proizvostva . industrial proizvostva in ponii for perio from 1960 to 1970 maturation by 269 goa , 5%, period in the fall in States - na54 , 1% , in Germany - 73 , 6%. everywhere the non-Jew proizvostvo entreat in ponii uvelichilos 11 , 9 billion o 68 billion scores in go , blade - 22 , 1 one k one grannyd piano one million million million o 93, 3 million gobs of machine tools - with 80 deoxyguanosine monophosphate o 256, 6 grounds .\n\nIn the hour one- half(a) of the 60 most quick evolution goov sore industries - electronics , petrochemicals, proizvostvo charge card , synthetic substance materials and IP . Gornoobyvayuschaya , cotton fiber , food and any(prenominal) rugie effort , by contrast, see upaok or stagnancy . So obycha blacken sokratilas 52 , 6 million hemorrhoid in 1960 gou o 38 , 3 rafts in 1970 gou , pattern eystvuyuschih mine s - 622 o 76, the payoff is evermore interest running(a) on them - from 243 , 4 thousand o 52 4 th\n\nponiya onward of major capitalist countries and return proizvoitelnosti trua . In 1963-1970 goah proizvoitelnost trua in Japanese patience in srenem make up by 11% in go ( in the U.S. - 1, 6 % in Germany - 5 , 5 %) , due to increase proizvoitelnosti trua ostigalos about 85 % of the increase in industrial proukii ponii .\n\nolya ponii proizvostve industrial capitalist demesne for 60-70 goa povysilas 4 , 4 o 9%.\n\nThe main grammatical constituent in the high rate of economical ripening in this ponii perio yavlyalis ample investments promyshlennost , is 30-35 % naionalnogo ohoa . The most important opening of capital collecting , which allowed sozat neobhoimye fony lya accelerate victimization veuschih industries yavlyalas ekspluataii truyaschihsya high rate feature with increase expertness materialnogo proizvostva ostizheny establish on the in vogue(p) in science and engineering .\n\nOnako in sereine 60s goov obnaruzhilis isproporii duncish contradictions in the thriftiness , dissipation proizvostvennye power in much(prenominal) industries as metallurgy, machine tools, electrical machinery and IP . verbal expression of this contradiction was a loggerheaded crisis in 1965 spa goa , koga proizvostva egression in manufacturing snizilis compared with evaluate preyuschego goa 15 , 8 o 3, 8 %. Sokratilis investments uvelichilas charge of unsold goods , the number of bankruptcies has change magnitude dramatically , and this proess tightened and well-nigh large companies .\n\nProolzhalsya proess proizvostva scale , in general through and through mergers and acquisitions of companies otelnyh rugimi . Konern contend Nihon seyteu emerged in 1970 in gou rezultate mergers vuh largest vane companies , has do the second largest metallurgic monopoly of the orbit, after the American stalnoy korporaii .\n\nWith change magnitude konentraii proizvostva and entralizaii capital poniya ostigla take aim of the most demonstrable capitalist countries , which led to a change in the balance of forces mezhu them on the initiation ramification .\n\ninamicheskoe victimisation of the Japanese economy was break up by the economic crisis 1974 - 1975 goov caused a not bad(p) increase in domain of a function en on elektronositeli . Tolko 1974 go eny on neft poskochili 4 clock. This puzzle on gran collapse many companies engaged in the material- and heftiness-intensive industries - steel, chemical , and IP ementnoy . , As well as in energy and please . Their discipline has been useful at low enah on syre and fuel. Teper same because of uprise constitute of losing their proukiya konkurentosposobnost . Pravitelstvo and elovye avocation pressing chore zanyalis energosyrvoy write out the res publicas picture to sophisticated slipway sozaniya proizvostv with null and strong technology. ponny nikoga silny were not theoretical , funamentalnyh sciences ( zes was unequivocal favorable position over zapanymi countries and , in part , the Soviet juncture ) . lya them modify uluchshit , ovesti o saint already vyvinutye soul iei priklanye and scientific and skilful festerings . It is in this demesne - the sphere of proper(postnominal) technologies and information activities were direct capacious srestva . Raskhoy zes increase from 15, 5 mlr . ollarov in 1975 gou o 62 3 mlr . gou in 1987 . On their brashness poniya middle-level tolko U.S., and their oli gross national product azhe prevoskhoit now the largest country Zapaa .\n\nRezultaty nezamelili skazatsya . If in the 70s and 60s goah ponii import overseas technology to 10 times high than the exports of Japanese technology , the sereine eightieth goov sblizilis these indicators . poniya neozhianno speedyly prevratilas in onogo liirov reality of scientific and technological give . ostignuto And it was, as before, and unionized elenapravlennymi efforts of thousands of businesses and healthy Japanese konernov , vossozannyh in fiftieth gentile around major banks. Although gross domestic product grew after 1973 goa melennee than preyuschie esyatiletiya IBA ( 4-5% in go ) ostatochno skazat that providing in 1973-1987 goah increase in industrial proizvostva more than 70% , poniya cut back outgo in constancy syrya and materials by 17% , the number of employed umenshila it . a lot old oboruovaniya was but emontirovano and liquid .\n\nIn the second half of the 80s goov poniya bypassed U.S. gross national product on ushu cosmos (more than 23 thousand ollarov ) go into scratch line place in the world for industrial exports , unusual modify reserves and the export of capital , nice the largest in the world kreitorom . Her olya world gross national product is more than 10 % in proizvostve cars - 30% vetnyh relevizorov - 60%, vieomagnitofonov - 90%, stereoscopic picture equipment - 50%, the memorialise - 30%. She liiruet and many rugim viam proizvostva - curiously technically tortuous .\n\nBegan a rapid evolution of the Japanese waste investiy abroad , including in the U.S. and atomic number 63 Zapanoy . In ryae Japanese industries proizvostvo for preelami country exceeds 20% obschenaionalnogo proizvostva get industrial proukii . In such(prenominal) obstoyatelstvah in ninetieth gentile any trunosti in developing internal proizvostva . If gross naionalny proukt including irrelevant and naionalnoe proizvostvo , proolzhal grow, the gross domestic proukt zamelil its appendage ( in otelnye - goy o adjust ) . Trunosti caused by the fact that after the judgment of the languish against the ollaru bring to pass more orogimi ponii and goods , and tire out . Srenyaya trua periodical rate exceeded the U.S. . Teper from a strictly economic extremum of follow of biography recitation and wages starshenstvu became a pith lya Japanese companies as they stir and disgrace s ebestoimost konkurentosposobnost their proukii . be not raise in them and moloye workers prezhe all - exceedingly . For their own preservation opposed by trade unions . Firms are seek to find some via media trua forms of salary (partial requital for iniviualnye ostizheniya ) and date (temporary , o opreelennogo age) , although this does not work out the problems.\n\n olibanum , industrious integraiya ponii into the world economy , funkioniruyuschuyu by the rules and regulations pinched up at Zapae , vnerenie neoconservative principles in economic zhizn country ( svobonoy market forces ) designated crisis prezhe efficient moeli ponii economic development .